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Latin Nouns

Latin Nouns. Part I: The Elements of a Noun When you are given a Latin Noun, you are given four pieces of information that together define the noun. These identifying elements are: 1. Nominative Singular 2. Genitive Singular or Genitive Singular Ending 3. Gender 4. Meaning in English

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Latin Nouns

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  1. Latin Nouns Part I: The Elements of a Noun When you are given a Latin Noun, you are given four pieces of information that together define the noun. These identifying elements are: 1. Nominative Singular 2. Genitive Singular or Genitive Singular Ending 3. Gender 4. Meaning in English These four elements together tell us how to use any given noun.

  2. Latin Nouns Parts of a Noun: Examples: Puella, -ae (f) Girl Nom. S. Gen. S. Gender Meaning

  3. Latin Nouns Parts of a Noun: Examples: Bellum, -i (n) War Nom. S. Gen. S. Gender Meaning

  4. Latin Nouns Parts of a Noun: Examples: Libertas, Libertatis (f) Liberty Nom. S. Gen. S. Gender Meaning

  5. Latin Nouns Parts of a Noun: Examples: Portus, Portūs (m) Harbor Nom. S. Gen. S. Gender Meaning

  6. Latin Nouns Parts of a Noun: Examples: Dies, Dieī (f) Day Nom. S. Gen. S. Gender Meaning

  7. Latin Nouns Parts of a Noun: NB: Gender Gender is simply an attribute of a noun and must be learned and memorized along with the other elements. As a general rule: 1st Declension nouns are feminine, but there are masculine exceptions. 2nd Declension nouns whose nominative ends in –us or –er are masculine; those whose nominative ends in –um are neuter. 3rd Declension nouns may be masculine, feminine, or neuter.

  8. Latin Nouns Parts of a Noun NB: Gender 4th Declension nouns are almost always masculine, but there are exceptions, most notably “Manus”, which is feminine. 5th Declension nouns are almost always feminine. “Dies” is usually feminine but is sometimes treated as masculine.

  9. Latin Nouns Part II: Using Nouns In order to use a noun correctly in Latin, you must know how that noun forms the different case endings. The DECLENSION a noun belongs to tells us how it forms the endings.

  10. Latin Nouns Part II: Using Nouns Step 1: Identify the Declension To identify the declension of a Latin noun, you must first look at the genitive singular, the second element given with a noun. The Genitive singular will tell you which Declensional pattern that noun follows.

  11. Latin Nouns Part II: Using Nouns Step 1: Identify the Declension Here is the rule for identifying the Declensions: Genitive S. –ae = 1st Declension Genitive S. –i = 2nd Declension Genitive S. –is = 3rd Declension Genitive S. –ūs = 4th Declension Genitive S. –eī = 5th Declension

  12. Latin Nouns If you’re still not sure which Declension the noun is from, go to your noun chart and move to the right along the row marked “Genitive Singular”. When you find the form of the Genitive singular that matches the Genitive singular of the noun you’ve been given, trace the column up to find the Declension.

  13. Latin Nouns Part II: Using Nouns NB: For the 2nd Declension, you will have to know the gender as well as the Genitive singular in order to choose the right column. The Rule on the Gender of the 2nd Declension is: Nom. S. –us/-er = Masculine Nom. S. –um = Neuter

  14. Latin Nouns Part II: Using Nouns NB: For the 3rd Declension, there is no easy way to know whether a noun is masculine, feminine, or neuter by looking at the Nominative and Genitive singular. For this reason, THE GENDER MUST ALWAYS BE MEMORIZED ALONG WITH THE OTHER ELEMENTS OF A NOUN.

  15. Latin Nouns Part II: Using Nouns Once you’ve identified the Declension, you go to your noun ending chart and find the column for that Declension. Once you have the correct column, remember that THE WORD WILL NEVER HAVE AN ENDING THAT IS NOT IN THAT COLUMN. IT STAYS LOCKED IN.

  16. The Declension Endings 1st2nd3rd4th5th Nom - a - us/er - um { } { } - us - ū - ēs Gen - ae - ī - ī - is - is - ūs - ūs - eī Dat - ae - ō - ō - ī - ī - uī - ū - eī Acc - am - um - um - em { } - um - ū - em Abl - ā - ō - ō - e - e - ū - ū - ē Nom - ae - ī - a - ēs - a - ūs - ua - ēs Gen - ārum- ōrum - ōrum - um - um - uum - uum - ērum Dat - īs - īs - īs - ibus - ibus - ibus - ibus - ēbus Acc - ās - ōs - a - ēs - a - ūs - ua - ēs Abl - īs - īs - īs - ibus - ibus - ibus - ibus - ēbus

  17. Latin Nouns Step II: Adding the Case Endings to the Noun Once you have identified the Declension of a noun, you have the endings we add to that noun to put it into the various cases. The next step is correctly adding the case endings to the noun.

  18. Latin Nouns Step II: Adding the Case Endings to the Noun Case endings are added to what we call the NOUN STEM. The Noun Stem is distinct and different from the Nominative Singular. You form the Noun Stem by dropping the ending from the Genitive Singular of a noun.

  19. Latin Nouns Step II: Adding the Case Endings to the Noun Examples: Puella, Puellae  Drop Genitive  Puell- Noun Stem Puer, Pueri  Drop Genitive  Puer- Noun Stem

  20. Latin Nouns Step II: Adding the Case Endings to the Noun Examples: Liber, Libri  Drop Genitive  Libr- Noun Stem Imperium,  Drop Genitive  Imperi- Imperii Noun Stem

  21. Latin Nouns Step II: Adding the Case Endings to the Noun Examples: Libertas, Libertatis  Drop Genitive  Libertat- Noun Stem Pax, Pacis  Drop Genitive  Pac- Noun Stem Lumen, Luminis  Drop Genitive  Lumin- Noun Stem

  22. Latin Nouns Step II: Adding the Case Endings to the Noun NB: The noun stem is used in all cases except the Nominative Singular. The Nominative Singular may be based on a form that is not the same as the noun stem. You do NOT change the nominative singular to make it match the Noun Stem and you never add anything to the Nominative Singular. You use the Noun Stem from the Genitive Singular on down the chart.

  23. Latin Nouns Step II: Adding the Case Endings to the Noun NB: The one place you will find a form on the chart below the Nominative Singular that is not based on the Noun Stem is the ACCUSATIVE SINGULAR of Neuter Nouns. Example: Nomen, Nominis (n)  Drop Genitive  Nomin- NOM Nomen Nomina Stem GEN Nominis Nominum DAT Nomini Nominibus ACC Nomen Nomina ABL Nomine Nominibus

  24. Latin Nouns To Review: 1. The DECLENSION of a noun tells us how that noun changes its endings to signify the different cases. 2. The Genitive Singular form of a noun tells us which Declension a noun belongs to. The Genitive Singular will always be the second element given with a noun in your dictionary, followed by the gender and meaning. 3. Once you know the Declension of a noun, you add that Declension’s endings onto the NOUN STEM, which is formed by dropping the ending from the Genitive Singular.

  25. Latin Nouns III: How to Proceed When You Encounter a Latin Noun 1. Identify the Declension by looking at the Genitive Singular. If you don’t know what the Genitive Singular is, look the noun up in your book. 2. Once you know the Declension, find the Declension’s column on your noun chart and, NEVER LEAVING THE COLUMN look up and down the column until you find the form that matches the ending of your noun.

  26. Latin Nouns IV. When You Are Asked to Decline or Give a Particular Form of a Latin Noun Always ask yourself: 1. What is the Genitive Singular of this noun? 2. Based on the Genitive Singular form, what Declension does this noun belong to? 3. What is the noun’s gender? 4. What is the Noun Stem of this noun? Once you have the answers to these four questions you will know how to decline the noun correctly.

  27. Latin Nouns: 4th and 5th Declensions Part II: Using Nouns Step 1: Identify the Declension Here is the rule for identifying the Declensions: Genitive S. –ūs = 4th Declension Genitive S. –eī = 5th Declension

  28. Latin Nouns Parts of a Noun: Examples: Portus, Portūs (m) Harbor Nom. S. Gen. S. Gender Meaning

  29. Latin Nouns Parts of a Noun: Examples: Dies, Dieī (f) Day Nom. S. Gen. S. Gender Meaning

  30. Latin Nouns: 4th and 5th Declensions Parts of a Noun NB: Gender 4th Declension: Nouns whose Nominative ends in –us are almost always masculine, but there are exceptions, most notably “Manus”, which is feminine. Nouns whose Nominative ends in –u are Neuter. 5th Declension nouns are almost always feminine. “Dies” is usually feminine but is sometimes treated as masculine.

  31. Latin Nouns: 4th and 5th Declensions 4th5th Masculine Neuter M/F - us - ū - ēs - ūs - ūs - eī - uī - ū - eī - um - ū - em - ū - ū - ē - ūs - ua - ēs - uum - uum - ērum - ibus - ibus - ēbus - ūs - ua - ēs - ibus - ibus - ēbus

  32. Latin Nouns: 4th and 5th Declensions Exempla: 4th Declension Masculine Exercitus, Exercitūs (m) Army Exercitus Exercitūs Exercitūs Exercituum Exercituī Exercitibus Exercitum Exercitūs Exercitū Exercitibus

  33. Latin Nouns: 4th and 5th Declensions Exempla: 4th Declension Feminine Manus, Manūs (f) Hand Manus Manūs Manūs Manuum Manuī Manibus Manum Manūs Manū Manibus

  34. Latin Nouns: 4th and 5th Declensions Exempla: 4th Declension Neuter Cornū, Cornūs (n) Horn Cornū Cornua Cornūs Cornuum Cornū Cornibus Cornū Cornua Cornū Cornibus

  35. Latin Nouns: 4th and 5th Declensions Exempla: 5th Declension Dies, Diēī (f) Day Diēs Diēs Diēī Diērum Diēī Diēbus Diem Diēs Diē Diēbus

  36. Latin Nouns: 4th and 5th Declensions Exempla: 5th Declension Spes, Speī (f) Hope Spēs Spēs Speī Spērum Speī Spēbus Spem Spēs Spē Spēbus

  37. Latin Nouns: 4th and 5th Declensions Exempla: 5th Declension Res, Reī (f) Thing, Affair Rēs Rēs Reī Rērum Reī Rēbus Rem Rēs Rē Rēbus

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