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Psychology's Development: From Ancient Roots to Modern Science

Explore the journey of psychology from early understandings of the mind and body to becoming a modern science. Discover key figures like Plato, Aristotle, Wundt, and Freud, and the diverse schools of thought that shaped psychological science. Learn about the nature versus nurture debate, psychology's levels of analysis, and its various subfields. Uncover the foundational principles of empiricism, structuralism, functionalism, and the emergence of different psychological perspectives. Dive into the complexities of behaviorism, humanistic psychology, cognitive psychology, and more, to gain a comprehensive understanding of the history and approaches of psychology.

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Psychology's Development: From Ancient Roots to Modern Science

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  1. Myers’ Psychology for AP* David G. Myers

  2. Unit 1:Psychology’s History and Approaches

  3. What is Psychology?

  4. Objective 1: How did psychology develop from its prescientific roots in early understanding of mind & body to the beginnings of modern science • Ancient Greeks • Socrates • Plato • Aristotle • Knowledge is NOT pre-exisiting How much of what we know is built in how much of what we know is acquired?

  5. Agreed w/ Socrates & Plato • Rene Descartes (1600s) • dualism(mind & body separate) • Francis Bacon • John Locke • Tabula Rasa (blank slate) • Empiricism • knowledge originates in experience & science should therefore rely on observ. & exper.

  6. Objective 2:When & how did modern psychological science begin? • Wilhelm Wundt (1879) • University of Leipzig • Reaction time experiment • Schools of thought in psychology developed: structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism

  7. Psychology’s RootsThinking About the Mind’s Structure • Edward Titchener • Structuralism • Introspection to explore structural elements of the mind

  8. Psychology’s RootsThinking About the Mind’s Function • William James • Functionalism – • How our mental processes enable us to function/adapt • Mary Calkins • Margaret Floy Washburn • Experimental psychology

  9. Objective 3:How did psychology continue to develop from the 1920s through today? “science of mental life” • Sigmund Freud Childhood experiences & unconscious thought processes affect our behavior.

  10. Psychological Science Develops • Behaviorism(1920s -1960s) • John B. Watson • B.F. Skinner • “study of observable behavior” • 1960s… • rebellion in psychology

  11. Psychological Science Develops growth potential / current environment • Humanistic Psychology • Carl Rogers • Abraham Maslow • Cognitive Psychology perceive, process, & remember information

  12. Psychological Science Develops • Psychology • Science • Behavior • Mental processes

  13. Objective 4:What is psychology’s historic big issue? experience innate Aristotle Plato • Nature – Nurture Issue • Biology versus experience • History • Greeks • Rene Descartes/John Locke • Charles Darwin • Natural selection • gender differences • sexual preferences • eating habits • intelligence • mental disorders • anger/aggression

  14. “Nurture works on what nature endows.” “EVERY psychological event is simultaneously a biological event.”

  15. Objective 5:What are psychology’s levels of analysis? • Levels of Analysis • Biological • Psychological • Social-cultural • Biopsychosocial Approach • integrated approach different complementary views used to analyze behavior

  16. Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis

  17. Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis

  18. Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis

  19. Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis ANOREXIA

  20. Perspectives • Biological/Neuroscience psychology • Psychodynamic psychology • Behavioral psychology • Cognitive psychology • Humanistic psychology • Social-cultural psychology • Evolutionary psychology

  21. Psychological Approaches/Perspectives

  22. Psychological Approaches/Perspectives

  23. Psychological Approaches/Perspectives

  24. Psychological Approaches/Perspectives

  25. Psychological Approaches/Perspectives

  26. Psychological Approaches/Perspectives External stimuli

  27. Psychological Approaches/Perspectives interpret situations

  28. Psychological Approaches/Perspectives

  29. Psychological Approaches/Perspectives

  30. Objective 6:What are psychology’s subfields? • Psychometrics • Scientific study of the measurement abilities, attitudes, & traits • Basic Research • Developmental psychology • Educational psychology • Personality psychology • Social psychology aims to increase knowledge in the field

  31. Psychology’s Subfields • Applied Research • Industrial/organizational psychology • Human factors psychology • Counseling psychology • Clinical psychology • Psychiatry workplace machines (design) problems with living treats psych. disorders Physician/medical treatment & psych therapy

  32. Andrea Yates Case Study

  33. The End

  34. Definition Slides

  35. Empiricism = the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation.

  36. Structuralism = an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind.

  37. Functionalism = a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function – how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.

  38. Experimental Psychology = the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method.

  39. Behaviorism = the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. • Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

  40. Humanistic Psychology = historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual’s potential for personal growth.

  41. Cognitive Neuroscience = the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).

  42. Psychology = the science of behavior and mental processes.

  43. Nature-Nurture Issue = the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. • Today’s science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.

  44. Natural Selection = the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.

  45. Levels of Analysis = the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.

  46. Biopsychosocial Approach = an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.

  47. Biological Psychology = a branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes.

  48. Evolutionary Psychology = the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection.

  49. Psychodynamic Psychology = a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders.

  50. Behavioral Psychology = the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning.

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