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Cell Biology

Cell Biology. Cells and Organelles. Two Types of Cells. Prokaryotic Cells Simplest and most abundant cells on Earth Contain no nucleus or organelles (except ribosomes ) All bacteria are prokaryotes Eukaryotic Cells Larger than prokaryotic cells Contain organelles and a nucleus

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Cell Biology

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  1. Cell Biology Cells and Organelles

  2. Two Types of Cells • Prokaryotic Cells • Simplest and most abundant cells on Earth • Contain no nucleus or organelles (except ribosomes) • All bacteria are prokaryotes • Eukaryotic Cells • Larger than prokaryotic cells • Contain organelles and a nucleus • Make up animals, plants, fungi and protists

  3. Eukaryotic Cells: Animal vs Plant • Animal Cells • Circular shape • Have lysosomes and centrioles that plants do not • Have several small vacuoles • Plant Cells • Square shape • Have chloroplasts and a cell wall that animals do not • Have a large central vacuole

  4. Cell Organelles • Organelles are membrane bound structures that perform special functions within the cell. • Each organelle performs a specific task that contributes to the homeostasis of the cell

  5. Organelles – A Closer Look • Nucleus - contains the genetic information of the cell (DNA) - control center of the cell - surrounded by a double layered porous membrane called the nuclear membrane (or envelope)

  6. Nucleus continued Chromatin: material consisting of DNA and proteins; visible as individual chromosomes in a dividing cell Nucleolus: non-membranous organelle involved in production of ribosomes; a nucleus has one or more nucleoli

  7. 2. Cell Membrane (also called plasma membrane) - Encloses the cell contents and separates them from the outside - Layer between the inside and outside of the cell - Selectively permeable

  8. 3.Cytoplasm - jelly – like substance that fills the cell and supports the other organelles 4. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - transfers materials to different parts of the cell - active in membrane synthesis - rough (ribosome studded) and smooth

  9. 5. Ribosomes - synthesize proteins - found on the endoplasmic reticulum - composed of two sub units. 6. Mitochondria - the “powerhouse” of the cell - makes energy

  10. 7. Golgi Body - also called Golgi Apparatus - packages material inside the cell and transfers it out.

  11. 8. Centrosome • Region where the cell’s microtubules are initiated • In an animal cell, contains a pair of centrioles

  12. 9. Vacuoles - “storehouses” - contain food, water, waste or cell material - In plant cells, there is only one central vacuole

  13. PLANT CELLS ONLY 10. Chloroplast - performs photosynthesis to produce food for the cell - sunlight energy gets converted into chemical energy stored in sugar molecules

  14. PLANT CELLS ONLY 11. Cell Wall - made of cellulose, proteins and other polysaccharides - rigid outer membrane that gives structure and support

  15. ANIMAL CELLS ONLY 12. Lysosomes - breakdown food and digest wastes and old cell parts

  16. ANIMAL CELLS ONLY 13. Flagellum • movement organelle present in only some animal cells • composed of microtubules 14. Microvilli • Projections that increase the cell’s surface area

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