6.6 Reproduction (3 Hours of Instruction)

1. Jordan S. Baimel Mr. Evans IB Biology June 5 2008 6.6 Reproduction(3 Hours of Instruction)

2. Puberty Copulation Fertilization Amniocentesis Progesterone Estrogen Testosterone FSH LH IVF IUD Condom Menstrual cycle Menopause Oviduct Cervix Urethra Sperm duct Uterine lining Amniotic sac Oxytocin Birth Canal Fetus Embryo KEY WORDS

3. 6.6.1- Draw and Label Diagrams of the Adult Male and Female Reproductive Systems FEMALE Note: The relative positions of the organs are important. Do not include any histological details but include the bladder and urethra Campbell: 983 Blue Book: 54

4. 6.6.1 (cont’d) Campbell 983 MALE Note: The relative positions of the organs are important. Do not include any histological details but include the bladder and urethra Blue Book: 54

5. 6.6.2 Outline the role of hormones • Between puberty and menopause, women who are not pregnant follow a cycle called the menstrual cycle • This cycle is controlled by the hormones: • FSH • LH • And are produced in the pituitary gland • Estrogen and Progesterone are produced in the ovaries and the uterus. Control of the cycle involves negative and positive feed back mechanisms • ( ------= negative feedback +++++++++++>= positive feedback) • (NEXT Slide for Chart) Campbell 986 Blue Book: 54

6. Table of Hormone Roles

7. 6.6.3 Annotate a graph showing hormone levels in the menstrual cycle, illustrating the relationship between changes in hormone levels and ovulation, menstruation and thickening of the endometrial (Graph on Next Slide)

8. Campbell 986

9. 6.6.4- List three roles of testosterone in males • The penis and testes grow larger • The prostate gland and the seminal vesicles begin to secrete fluid- semen- • The larynx grows larger causing the voice to become deeper • Pubic and armpit hair start to grow • Facial hair starts to grow • Skeletal muscles grow larger NOTE: Limit this to pre-natal development of male genitalia, development of secondary sex characteristics and maintenance of sex drive Campbell: 987

10. 6.6.5- Outline the process of in vitro fertilization (IVF) • 1- Drug is injected once a day for three weeks to stop the women’s normal menstrual cycle • 2- Large does of FSH are injected once a day for 10-12 days to stimulate the ovaries to develop many follicles • 3- HCG is injected 36 hours before egg collection to loosen the egg in the follicles and to make them mature • 4- The man provides semen by ejaculating into a jar. The sperm are processed to concentrate the healthiest ones. • 5- The eggs are extracted from the follicles using a device inserted through the wall of the vagina • 6- Each egg is mixed with sperm in a shallow Petri-dish. The dishes are kept overnight in an incubator • 7- The dishes are checked to see if fertilization still has worked. • 8- Two or three embryos are selected and placed, via a long plastic tube into the uterus • 9- A pregnancy test is done to see if any embryos have implanted into the uterine lining. • 10- A scan is done to see if the pregnancy is continuing normally with a visible, steady heartbeat.

11. 6.6.6- Discuss the ethical issues associated with IVF • Ethical Arguments for IVF • Some childless couples are able to have children. • Suffering due to genetic disease could be reduced if embryos were screened before being transferred to the uterus • Ethical Arguments Against IVF • Inherited forms of infertility might be passed on to the children causing further suffering • More embryos are often produced than are needed often leading them to be killed • Embryologists select the embryos that are transferred to the uterus so humans are deciding whether new individuals survive or die. • Multiple births, which carry the risk of heal problems for children, are more likely with IVF than natural conception. Note: There is great variation between human societies around the work in views on IVF. This is the result of cultural and religious diversity. Take note of such views and ensure there is parity of esteem for all children –however they were conceived.