Key Factors Influencing Regional SDI Development and Relevance to Global and other Levels

1. Key Factors Influencing Regional SDI Development and Relevance to Global and other Levels Abbas Rajabifard and Ian Williamson GSDI 6 Budapest, September/ 2002

2. Overview • Introduction & Background • SDI – Nature and components • SDI Development Models • Human and Community Issues • Asia-Pacific region: a case study • Outcomes • Key Factors Influencing Regional SDI Development • Conclusion

3. Introduction & Background • Part of a results of a main topic • SDI Diffusion • Concept and Nature of SDI • SDI Hierarchy • Relationships Among Different SDIs • SDI Development Models

4. Spatial Data Infrastructure • SDI is an initiative necessary for the effective collection, management, access, delivery and utilisation of spatial data; • SDI is whole about facilitation and coordination of the exchange and sharingof spatial data;

5. Access Network People Policy Data Standards Nature of SDI Components Dynamic

6. Technical issues lack of data, standards, metadata, search engines, communication network/bandwidth Economic/financial issues cost sharing Social/institutional/organisational issues awareness, education, pricing, security, freedom of access Political/legal issues sensitive data, intellectual property Obstacles

7. Global Planning Regional Planning National Planning State Planning Local Planning Hierarchy of SDI Less detailed data Global SDI Regional SDI National SDI State SDI Local SDI Corporate SDI More detailed Data The success of developing any type of SDIs, heavily depends to on individuals realising the need to cooperate with each other.

8. Relationships Among Different SDIs Global SDI Regional SDIs National SDIs State SDIs Local SDIs Corporate SDI

9. SDI Development Models • Product-Based Model:(linked) database(s) • Process-Based Model:strategy required to manage information assets

10. Technology Components Policy People Data Access Network Standards Definition Collection Integration DataBase Creation Dissemination Product-Based Model ...the main aim of an SDI initiative being to link existing and upcoming databases of the respective political/administrative levels of the community.

11. Border of Social System SDI Facility Communication Channel People Coordination Facilitation Metadata directory Knowledge Infrastructure and Capacity Building Process-Based Model ...the main aim of an SDI initiative as defining a framework to facilitate the management of information assets.

12. Border of Social System SDI Facility Communication Channel People Coordination Facilitation Metadata directory Knowledge Infrastructure and Capacity Building Process-Based Model ..or the objectives behind the design of an SDI are to provide better communication channels for sharingand using data assets.

13. Border of Social System SDI Facility Communication Channel People Coordination Facilitation Communication Channels Knowledge Infrastructures Awareness Persuasion Decisions Participation Utilisation Metadata directory Knowledge Infrastructure and Capacity Building Process-Based Model

14. HumanandCommunityIssues Communities/people concerned are expecting to reap benefits from their investment in SDI in terms of improved corporate performances and cooperation. Therefore • It is essential to understand the significance of human and community issues, as much as technical issuesas they determine the long running success of an SDI innovation; • Developing a successful SDI must be seen as a socio-technical, rather than a purely technical exercise.

15. Socio-Technical Viewpoint • Techno-Centric • Spatial data community • Focus on technology • Technology push • Because it’s possible • Others are developing • Specified by technologist • Static in nature Socio-Technical Spatial data community People and technology • Demand pull • Because it’s needed • We need it • Specified by Users • dynamic in nature (Adopted from Petch and Reeve 1999)

16. Asia and the Pacific region: a case study • Asia and the Pacific region is • largest region in the world • 60 per cent of the world’s population / 3.5 billion people • 55 countries as defined by the UN

18. Asia and the Pacific region: a case study Regional Organisations • SAARC • UN-ESCAP • UNRCC-AP • APEC • APCC • ASEAN • APNIC • ECO • AAECP, • etc. Main Objectives of Regional Cooperation • Acceleration of economic growth, social progress and cultural development; • Promotion of regional peace and stability; • More effective collaboration to improve the agricultural, industrial, trading, transport and communications sectors of the regional economy; • Promotion of regional cooperation for ecological and environmental protection.

19. Asia and the Pacific region: a case study Asia-Pacific region has complex social and political environments, typified by competing and often conflicting priorities and motivations. • Every case in this region is unique • national context, • language and characteristics • (size, population, political systems, varied infrastructures and skills), • national traditional and cultural attitude, and • the people who participate, develop and use SDIs

20. Asia-Pacific Region and Regional SDI activities Major difficulty Lack of Coordination • different data structures • specifications and • standards Formation of PCGIAP, 1994 • Vision for APSDI • SDI Conceptual Model • Institutional framework, Technical standards, • Fundamental datasets, and Access networks

21. Current Progress of PCGIAP and APSDI development • PCGIAP successfully implemented • a regional precise geodesy network, • defined a regional geodesy datum, • developed and approved a policy on sharing fundamental data, developed guidelines on custodianship, and the definition of • APSDI. • Other projects • Asia-Pacific Regional Geodetic Project (APRGP) • Administrative Boundaries pilot project and specification • APSDI Data Node • Clearinghouse Project • (PCGIAP-website 2001)

22. Other Issues involved in the Progress • Low rate of participation in PCGIAP activities, • The organisational structure of PCGIAP, • Member nations are represented on the Permanent Committee by directorates of national survey and mapping organisations and or equivalent national agencies. • The APSDI conceptual model

23. Some Reasons for the Limited Support • Lack of awareness of the value of SDIs; • Defining the SDI; • The incompatibility of the current conceptual and organisational model with the perceived needs of users; and • The complexity of different issues such as diverse political, cultural and economical positions of members.

24. Some Reasons for the Limited Support • Based on the participation rate, Regional SDI remainsan innovative conceptamong member nations. • The theories of innovation diffusion will provide a useful framework for the study of Regional SDI development.

25. Diffusion Theory Diffusionis a process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social system. (Rogers 1983)

26. Decision Initiation Implementation Redefining/ Restructuring Agenda-setting Matching Clarifying Routinizing General organisational problems that may create a perceived need for innovation. Fitting a problem from the organisation’s agenda with an innovation. The innovation is modified and re-invented to fit the organisation, and organisational structures are altered. The relationship between the organisation and the innovation is defined more clearly. The innovation becomes an ongoing element in the organisation’s activities, and loses its identify. Organisational innovation process model (adapted from Rogers 1995) Organisational Innovation Process Model

27. Current conceptual model of Regional SDI 2 Initiation 1 Agenda-setting Matching 3 Decision Current approach for Regional SDI development 1 -Innovation, 2- Communication channel, 3- Time Current Approach by PCGIAP

28. Border of Social System Current conceptual model of Regional SDI 2 Initiation 1 Agenda-setting Matching 3 Decision Social system 4 Extended conceptual model 1- Innovation, 2- communication channel, 3- time, 4- social system Suggested Approach for the Research

29. External Factors Internal Factors Political Development Issues Cultural Influencing Factors for an SDI Development Environmental Factors

30. Environmental Factors Globalisation Asia-Pacific Region Political Climate Regional Organisations Regional Governments Technological Pressure APSDI Development MarketPressure Global Economic Other External Factors Other Internal Factors Regional Security Financial Stability Economic Conditions Organisational Structure of CoordinatingAgency Border of Social System Global SDI Initiative External Factor Internal Factor

31. Political Development Issues Cultural Policies Protection & Security Conceptual Technology Economic Partnerships Human Factors Influencing Factors for an SDI Development Environmental Factors Capacity Factors Participation SDI Organisation Factors

32. Recommendations Factors Organisational Restructure Environmental Factors Redesign Future Strategy Based on Social System Capacity Factors Participation Modify SDI Conceptual Model SDI Organisation Factors Adopt Process-based Model

33. Conclusion The development of a Regional SDI is much more challenging than the development of a National SDI initiative within a nation. • Regional SDIis a voluntary-base initiative in nature; • At the higher levels of SDIs: • more coordination than implementation.

34. Global SDI Process-Based Model Regional SDI National SDI State SDI Product-Based Model Local SDI Similar Organisational Structure Pyramid Corporate SDI SDI Hierarchy Conclusion Strategic Management Functional National SDI Operational

35. Thank you