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Technological change and institutional implications Dag Standal SINTEF Fisheries and aquaculture

Technological change and institutional implications Dag Standal SINTEF Fisheries and aquaculture. The ”Norwegian model”. 1990-91: Rejected the introduction of a ITQ model 1991- : IVQ model - :Strong emphasis on: diverse ownership of quotas and vessels (rural policy)

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Technological change and institutional implications Dag Standal SINTEF Fisheries and aquaculture

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  1. Technological change and institutional implicationsDag StandalSINTEF Fisheries and aquaculture

  2. The ”Norwegian model” • 1990-91: Rejected the introduction of a ITQ model • 1991- : IVQ model • - :Strong emphasis on: • diverse ownership of quotas and vessels (rural policy) • maintain a diverse fleet structure via the allocation policy (”the trawl ladder”) • IVQ model: integrates vessels and quotas in one system (market) • Input regulations (technology) and output (biology) are integrated. • Main challenge in terms of capacity: balancing input and output regulations • Cut down unprofitable overcapacity !

  3. Table 1Number of vessels above 28 meters and % change, 1988 and 2003. • Length group(m) 1988 2003 % • 28 - 39,9 232 93 -60 • 40 - 49,9 125 107 -14 • 50 - 59,9 74 74 0 • 60 - 43 88 +105 • Total : 474 362 - 24 • Reduction in number of vessels • Structural changes

  4. Table 2Technical parameters for arctic trawlers built in 1988 – 2002 (cod/shrimp trawler). • Building year : 1988 2002 1988-2002 • Lenght (m): 61.50 64.00 1.04 • Breadth (m): 12.80 16.60 1.30 • Prod. cap (tons): 20 35 1.75 • GRT: 1905 2574 1.35 • HP: 3342 8046 2.41 • Number of trawls 1 3 2.00 • Catch (tons) 1000-1500 3000-4000 2-3 • Trawl doors (tons): 4.5 7.0 1.56 • Crew (number.): 14 14 1.00 • Electronics: echo sounder echo sounder Catch sensor catch sensor trawl sensor GPS

  5. Table 3Development in size for different gears, 1988 - 2003 . • Gear- Gear Gear • dimension dimension factor (R) • Gear 1988 2003 1998-2003 • Shrimptrawl : 168 294 3.00 • Cod trawl: 60 120 2.00 • Blue whiting trawl: 1200 2400 4.00 • Purse seine: 105 280 180 000 1.71 • Long line: 20 000 35 000 1.75 Source: Norwegian gear producers and fishermen, 2004.

  6. Tabell 4Formula, estimating technical development

  7. Tabell 5Technical capacity development entire fleet above 28 meters, 1988 og 2003.

  8. Institutional boundaries and technological adaptations, Norway. • Unregulated species in Norwegian fisheries, 2004 (tons): • Blue whiting : 852 000 Total Nowegian catch: 2 549 000 tons. • Shrimp : 60 000 • Tusk/ling : 27 000 • Horse mackerel: 10 000 • Other : 30 000 • Total (unreg.) : 979 000= 38. 40 % of total ctach. • Source, Fisheries Directorate, 2006. • ”Technology does not follow the institutional boundaries” • Combination of closed and restricted open access fisheries • Capacity expanding adaptations !

  9. Table 6Norwegian catches blue whiting, 1988 and 2003.

  10. Tabell 7Norwegian catches shrimp, 1988 and 2003.

  11. Capacity feedback systems Stock (border) TAC Cod, herring, mackerel, etc. Allocation policy (output) Institutional boundaries Institutional boundaries Structure policy (markets) Restricted open access /combined fisheries Restricted open access /combined fisheries Capacity (input) Capacity feedback Capacity feedback

  12. The Unit Quota System, 1984-2006. Year : No. of quotas Duration No. of pr. vessel (years) quota-markets 1984-1997: 2 13 3 1997-2003: 3 18 3 2004 -2005: 3 eternal 1 2005- : 3 20/25 1

  13. Developent, number of vessels and average quotafactors, cod trawlers, 1991-2006.

  14. Distribution of quota factors, cod trawlers, 2006.

  15. Future challenges- technological development? • ”Stagnated technology” (path dependency and a predictable pattern) • No paradigmatic innovations sice the 70’s (excpept for electronics, GPS etc.). • Heavy fuel consumption, strong increase in fuel costs • Deep sea fleet towards a critical mass in regard to innovations? • No. Of vessels, 2008 2015 • Cod / shrimp trawlers : 50 decline • Herring/mackerel/blu whiting : 47 decline • Long lining : 25 decline • Loosing out of the national innovation system? • The deep sea fleet as future market for todays manufacturers of equipment ? • Further pressure on todays structural policy or a change towards ITQ.

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