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South Asia and the Middle East

South Asia and the Middle East. By Rachael Klein and Claire Howlett. Technology & Environmental Transformations (to 600 BCE); Reorganization of Human Societies (600 BCE – 600 CE). Interaction Between Humans and the Environment To 600 BCE Adaptation Population growth Bronze Age

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South Asia and the Middle East

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  1. South Asia and the Middle East By Rachael Klein and Claire Howlett

  2. Technology & Environmental Transformations (to 600 BCE); Reorganization of Human Societies (600 BCE – 600 CE) • Interaction Between Humans and the Environment • To 600 BCE • Adaptation • Population growth • Bronze Age • River valleys • Indian geography • Aryan migrations • 600 BCE – 600 CE • Middle East • Camel nomads • India • Regionalism

  3. Technology & Environmental Transformations (to 600 BCE); Reorganization of Human Societies (600 BCE – 600 CE) Cuneiform • Development and Interaction of Cultures • To 600 BCE • Tigris-Euphrates • Cuneiform • Polytheistic religion • Vedic, Epic Ages • Sanskrit • 600 BCE – 600 CE • Bedouin culture • Oral poetry • Animistic religion • Honor codes • Islam • Monotheistic • Umma • Ethical system • Five pillars • India • Hinduism • Buddhism • Math, science • Islam came Sanskrit

  4. Technology & Environmental Transformations (to 600 BCE); Reorganization of Human Societies (600 BCE – 600 CE) • State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict • To 600 BCE • Tigris-Euphrates • 600 BCE – 600 CE • Classical India • Maurya, Gupta • Political diversity • Hun invasion • Middle East • Bedouins • Clans, tribes • Shakhs • Muhammad's life • Revelations • Mecca, Medina • Death Gupta Dynasty c. 300-500 C.E. Maurya Dynasty 325-200 B.C.E.

  5. Technology & Environmental Transformations (to 600 BCE); Reorganization of Human Societies (600 BCE – 600 CE) • Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems • To 600 BCE • Neolithic Revolution • River valleys • 600 BCE – 600 CE • Middle East • Trading cities • Mecca • Medina • Classical India • Advanced trade

  6. Technology & Environmental Transformations (to 600 BCE); Reorganization of Human Societies (600 BCE – 600 CE) • Development and Transformation of Social Structures • To 600 BCE • Caste system • 600 BCE – 600 CE • Bedouin culture • Kinship ties • Interclan rivalries • Women’s role • Classical India • Caste system • Women’s role Early caste system

  7. Regional & Transregional Interactions (600 CE – 1450 CE) • Interaction Between Humans and the Environment • Crusades • Regional conflicts • Environmental damage • India • Nomadic invasion • Islamic incursions • Arab colonies • Migrants Christian crusades

  8. Regional & Transregional Interactions (600 CE – 1450 CE) • Development and Interaction of Cultures • Middle East • Sunni-Shi’a split • Art, learning • Crusades • Persian language • Religious trends • Indian influence • India • Islam introduced • Arab colonies • Islam spread • Mosques, schools • Conversion • Islamic assimilation • Devotional cults

  9. Regional & Transregional Interactions (600 CE – 1450 CE) • State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict • Umayyad Empire • Ridda Wars • Conquest • Motivation • Converts • Luxury = decline • Abbasid Empire • Alliance • Ideals changed • Corruption • Wazir • Buyids • Seljuk Turks • Mongol invasions • India • Sind conquered • Turkish invasions • Military states Umayyad Empire Abbasid Empire

  10. Regional & Transregional Interactions (600 CE – 1450 CE) • Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems • Abbasids • Urban expansion • Merchant classes • Artisans • Afro-Eurasian trading • Slave role • Decline = poor economy • Umayyads • Silk Road • Sea trade • Agricultural production • Banks • India • Agricultural developments • Sea commerce • Spice trade • Industrialization Silk Road trade routes

  11. Regional & Transregional Interactions (600 CE – 1450 CE) • Development and Transformation of Social Structures • Middle East • Islam = unity • Mawali • Dhimmi • Women under Muhammad • Abbasid conversion • Ayan • Women’s decline • Harem, veil • India • Islamic tolerance • Early conversion • Later conversion • High-caste domination

  12. Global Interactions (1450 CE – 1750 CE) • Interaction Between Humans and the Environment • Urban growth • Farming technology • Irrigation • Environmental knowledge • Printing • Gunpowder • Demographic swings

  13. Global Interactions (1450 CE – 1750 CE) • Development and Interaction of Cultures • Religion v. art • Rational scholarship • Ottoman Empire • Constantinople restored • Turkish language • Safavid Empire • Shi’ism • Persian culture • Religious society • Mughal Empire • Patron rulers • Architecture Hagia Sophia TajMahal

  14. Global Interactions (1450 CE – 1750 CE) • State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict • Ottoman Empire • Conquest-focused • Captured Constantinople • Naval domination • Regional control • Growing bureaucracy • Succession disputes • Ottoman decline • Size • Corruption • Weak rulers • Technological disadvantage • Safavid Empire • Conquered Persia • Battle of Chaldiran • Slave youths • Afghani invasion • Mughal Empire • Turkic invaders • Captured plains • Babur’s death • Akbar • Mughal decline • Hindu persecution • Warfare • Regional power

  15. Global Interactions (1450 CE – 1750 CE) • Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems • Western dominance • Serfdom • Worsened agriculture • Tax revenue • Merchants • Fell behind Europeans • Indian Ocean • Indian spices • Ottoman Empire • Constantinople = commerce • Government regulation • Artisan guilds • Bullion inflation • Portuguese navy • Safavid Empire • Trade center • Mughal Empire • Cotton textiles

  16. Global Interactions (1450 CE – 1750 CE) • Development and Transformation of Social Structures • Ottoman Empire • Warrior aristocracy • Janissaries • Merchants, artisans • “Peoples of the book” • Safavid Empire • Turkic warriors • Slaves’ role • Mughal Empire • Hindu advancement • Warrior aristocracy • Women’s advancement • Eventual decline

  17. Industrialization & Global Integration (1750 CE – 1900 CE) • Interaction Between Humans and the Environment • Public construction • Suez Canal • Communication advancements • Newspapers • Industrialization • Opium growth Suez Canal

  18. Industrialization & Global Integration (1750 CE – 1900 CE) • Development and Interaction of Cultures • Ottoman Empire • Westernization • Reformers v. conservatives • Educational reforms • Turkish culture • Colonial India • British assimilation • Women’s arrival • Evangelism • Utilitarian philosophy

  19. Industrialization & Global Integration (1750 CE – 1900 CE) • State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict • Ottoman Empire • Continuous decline • Lost territory • British support • Reform blocked • Destroyed Janissaries • Tanzimat reforms • First Constitution • Western ideals • Absolutism, briefly • Young Turks • Weaknesses remained • Colonial India • Mughal collapse • British East India Company • Sepoys • Presidencies • Company agents • Corrupt officials • Reform efforts Reduction of Ottoman territory

  20. Industrialization & Global Integration (1750 CE – 1900 CE) • Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems • Ottoman decline • Artisans struggled • Colonial India • Ports • Raw materials

  21. Industrialization & Global Integration (1750 CE – 1900 CE) • Development and Transformation of Social Structures • Ottoman Empire • Tanzimat reforms • Religious equality • Women oppressed • Secondary schools • Colonial India • Maintained hierarchy • New class • Ended sati

  22. Accelerating Global Change & Realignments (1900 CE – Present) • Interaction Between Humans and the Environment • Urban migration • Population growth • Pakistan formed • Palestinian-Arab Flee • Jewish migration • Partition • Green Revolution Formation of Pakistan Formation of Israel

  23. Accelerating Global Change & Realignments (1900 CE – Present) • Development and Interaction of Cultures • India • Indian identity • Muslims vs. Hindus • Gandhi • Railway network • Middle East • Zionism • Islamic societies

  24. Accelerating Global Change & Realignments (1900 CE – Present) • State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict • World War I • Ottoman-German alliance • Indian participation • Treaty of Versailles • Promises forgotten • Territory divided • Indian independence • Congress party • Nationalist leaders • Post-WWII movements • Independence granted • Pakistan formed • Middle Eastern Nationalism • Balfour Declaration • Establishment of Israel • US involvement • Modern India • Civilian rule • Socialist measures • Iran • Authoritarian rule • Revolution of 1979 • Iran-Iraq war

  25. Accelerating Global Change & Realignments (1900 CE – Present) • Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems • Great Depression • Foreign investment • Neocolonial economy • Free trade • Middle East • Oil • Modern India • Railroads • Private initiative World Oil Production

  26. Accelerating Global Change & Realignments (1900 CE – Present) • Development and Transformation of Social Structures • Female subordination • Cultural inferiority • Health, sanitation • Increased literacy • Post-WWI India • British racism • Nationalist groups • Caste system • Modern India • Middle class • Poor majority • Social tension • Green revolution

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