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Copy these rules to your Methods notes

Copy these rules to your Methods notes. RULES: 1. Pay attention. 2. F ollow directions. 3. Stay with class—cut for cut. 4. Don’t mess around. Use tools properly. 6. Be respectful to the frog. Add these to your Background notes. ANIMALIA.

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Copy these rules to your Methods notes

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  1. Copy these rules to your Methods notes RULES: 1. Pay attention. 2. Follow directions. 3. Stay with class—cut for cut. 4. Don’t mess around. • Use tools properly. 6. Be respectful to the frog.

  2. Add these to your Background notes ANIMALIA KINGDOM _____________ PHYLUM ____________________________ CLASS ___________________________ ORDER _______________________________ FAMILY _____________________________ Genus _____________________________ Species _____________________________ CHORDATA AMPHIBIA “double life” ANURA “without a tail” Ranidae

  3. Add these to your Background notes ORDERS http://users.erols.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/V/Vertebrates.html http://www.spekulantenguide.de/gifs/salamanderw.jpg

  4. Add these to your Background notes AMPHIBIAN CHARACTERISTICS Moist, thin skin without scales or hair Aquatic larva changes to terrestrial adult Feet without claws Respiration with gills when in water, then lungsand through skinon land 2 types of blood circulation Ectothermic (cold blooded) Eggs without shells or multicellular membranes

  5. FROGS Thin, moist skin – no scales Mucous glands make it “slimy” Camouflage- for protection Some have poison glands http://www-binf.bio.uu.nl/dutilh/hall/kikkers.html

  6. http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/snc2g1/frogresp.htm BREATHING THROUGH SKIN is called CUTANEOUS RESPIRATION Write this Question: 6.How do frogs respire using skin?

  7. ECTOTHERMIC“cold blooded” Body temperature is dependent on surrounding environment http://www.vanscyoc.net/randy/garden/wildlife/image4.htm

  8. HIBERNATION/ ESTIVATION Write this Question: 5.Where are fat bodies located and what do they look like? FAT stored in FAT BODIES provides energy Images from: http://www.enc.org/Classroom_Calendar/CC_Units/Unit_Images/185.jpg http://www.reptilis.org/pyxi/image5.htm

  9. INDIRECT DEVELOPMENT Grow legs; Lose tail 2 chambers in heart  3 chambers in heart 1 loop circulation 2 loop circulation Breathe w/ gills lungs & skin Excrete ammonia (gills & kidneys) excrete urea(kidneys) http://saczoo.com/3_kids/images

  10. Part 1: External Anatomy

  11. OBSERVATION and IDENTIFICATION: ventral-belly side, dorsal-back side, thumb pads, 4 digits-forelimb, 5 digits-hindlimb, no ribs, nictitating membrane, tympanum, mouth-tongue, Eustachian tube, maxillary teeth, vomerine teeth, glottis, eye bulges, gullet

  12. Ventral Side—belly side Dorsal Side—back side

  13. Add this detail to your Questions notes NO CLAWS RESULTS: SKETCH the frog’s muscular hind leg INCLUDE webbing between the toes Write this Question: 1. How do adult frogs use webbing on feet and hind legs for movement? image from: http://www.spc.cc.tx.us/biology/jmckinney/Studyimages/frog/frogdissectlist.html

  14. Write this Question: 7. Will internal parts support what we conclude about the sex of our frog from the outside parts? What sex is it? Images from: http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/frog_dissection.htm RESULTS: SKETCH the frog outline from the bottom SKETCH the thumb, showing pad or not WRITE the gender and name you give it

  15. AMPLEXUS“firm embrace” Sperm and egg released @ same time and place in water Increases chances of fertilization

  16. EXIT OPENINGS OPENING SHARED BY EXCRETORY, REPRODUCTIVE, & DIGESTIVE = ______________ CLOACA Write this Question: 8. Can we see how three systems empty into the cloaca? http://www.student.loretto.org/zoology/Amphibians.htm

  17. The nares primary role is to let air into and out of the frog. This is a view of the nares from outside of the frog. Write this Question: 2. How are nares, nictitating membranes and tympanic membranes adaptations to amphibious lifestyle? RESULTS: SKETCH the frog head from side INCLUDE and LABEL these 3 parts The tympanum, found just behind the eyes, functions as the ears of the frog. They receive sound waves both above and below water allowing the frog to hear. Nictitating membrane image from: http://www.spc.cc.tx.us/biology/jmckinney/Studyimages/frog/frogdissectlist.html

  18. Part 2: Digestive System:The Mouth

  19. A. The Tongue Cut the edges of the jaw with scissors. Cut back until you hear a crack (hit jaw bone) Write this Question: 3. How does the tongue attachment and other mouth parts help frogs capture food? METHODS: DESCRIBE / SKETCH how you open and pin the frog’s mouth to see the parts

  20. Tongue The tongue aids in swallowing and catching prey. In humans the tongue also aids in speech and taste.

  21. Watch the tongue and notice that the eyes start to close—bulging the eyes into the mouth to help swallow.

  22. Imagse from: http://www.animationlibrary.com http://www.geocities.com/animalbio/biology.htm Is this animation correct? TONGUE attached at front not back like yours!

  23. The eustachian tubes function to equalize pressure on both sides of the eardrum or tympanum Where do the eustachian tubes lead? tympanum Eustachian Tubes

  24. Maxillary Teeth • Rub your fingers along the inside edge of the frog’s upper jaw. You should feel the maxillary teeth. This set of teeth is used for holding prey.

  25. This set of teeth is also used for holding prey. • Extending from the roof of the mouth are two vomerine teeth Vomerine Teeth

  26. Glottis To where does the glottis lead? lungs The glottis is the opening between the vocal chords at the upper part of the windpipe or larynx.

  27. gullet • To where does the gullet lead? esophagus and then stomach Food is swallowed through the gullet & then through the esophagus where peristalsis aids its movement to the stomach. RESULTS: SKETCH the frog’s open mouth INCLUDE and LABEL the mouth parts that frogs use to eat food

  28. DAY TWO: cut opened, pinned down legs • OBSERVATION and IDENTIFICATION: • oviducts and eggs, fat bodies • Digestive System: liver, gall bladder, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine • Circulatory System: 3 chambered heart: right and left atrium, ventricle • Respiratory System: lungs • Urogenital System: oviducts/eggs or testes, kidneys, cloaca/vent, urinary bladder • spleen

  29. Dissection Cuts • 3 main cuts total • -1. Cut from abdomen up to neck • -2. Cut across front legs • -3. Cut across rear legs • *Have to perform cuts twice. Once to cut through skin, then again to cut through muscle* • *When finished, fold back skin flaps* METHODS: DESCRIBE / SKETCH how you open and pin the frog’s skin and muscle layer to see the parts

  30. Image from; http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20 Laboratory/frog%20dissection/frog%20dissection_files/frame.htm

  31. First Muscle Incision 1. Repeat the incisions, this time through the muscle layer. 2. Make a small cut with the scissors at the rear legs of the frog. 3. Using the scissors, continue the incision up the midline to a point just below the front legs. 4. Be careful that you don't cut too deeply. The muscle is thin. It is easy to damage the organs underneath. Dissection Cuts http://frog.edschool.virginia.edu/Frog2/Dissection/Incisions/muscle1_first.html

  32. Muscle Horizontal 1. Make the horizontal incisions. 2. Just as you did with the skin, make a sideways incision in the muscle with the scissors. 3. Make the first incision between the front legs. 4. The next incision is just above the rear legs. Dissection Cuts http://frog.edschool.virginia.edu/Frog2/Dissection/Incisions/muscle3_horiz.html

  33. T-Pins Place a t-pin in each foot at an angle facing the body of the frog.

  34. Part 3: Digestive System: Internal Organs Write this Question: 4. How does a frog’s digestive system break down food, absorb nutrients, and process undigested material?

  35. Removal of Eggs If you have a female frog, you may have many black circle shaped structures on the inside of the frog when you it. These are eggs and need to be removed so that you can see the organs below them. METHODS: IF YOU HAVE EGGS, DESCRIBE / SKETCH how you removed them to see other parts

  36. Oviducts & Eggs The oviducts are tubes that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus. The eggs are the female reproductive cell. RESULTS: IF YOU HAVE THEM, SKETCH and LABEL the frog’s oviducts, ovaries and eggs

  37. FAT BODIES Store fat for energy during Hibernation Estivation Breeding spleen fat bodies RESULTS: SKETCH and LABEL the fat bodies and their location Image from: http://step.sdsc.edu/projects95/Frog.Dissection/index.html

  38. Make acid and digestive enzymes Start digestion (grind up food) STOMACH: LIVER: GALL BLADDER Make bile Store glycogen Store vitamins Process toxins (including nitrogen waste) for kidneys Store bile

  39. Liver Liver is the largest structure in the body cavity. The Liver has 3 lobes. (Humans have 4 lobes) The liver produces bile, a substance that emulsifies fats contained within the food we eat, and stores it in the gall bladder to be secreted into the small intestine.

  40. Gall Bladder The gall bladder stores bile that is received from the liver. Bile is secreted from the gall bladder into the first section of the small intestine (duodenum) to help aid in digestion. Gall Bladder (greenish-brown sac) -is located behind liver

  41. Stomach In the stomach food is further broken down by gastric juices and peristalsis until it becomes a liquid substance called chyme. RESULTS: SKETCH and LABEL the frog’s digestive organs in the abdomen in the order food passes through (pancreas, liver and gallbladder right after stomach)

  42. Makes TRYPSIN, INSULIN, GLUCAGON PANCREAS: TRYPSIN- digestive enzymes that break down proteins INSULIN- tells cells to store glucose from bloodstream as glycogen GLUCAGON- tells cells to release stored glucose to blood stream

  43. Pancreas (enlarged)

  44. Small Intestine The small intestine receives the mixture of chyme from the stomach through the pyloric valve. In the small intestine nutrients are absorbed from the tiny villi lining the inner walls of the small intestine. Mesentery holds intestines together

  45. Large Intestine Large intestine leads to cloaca. -function of cloaca = collecting space for urine, feces, and eggs or sperm. The main role of the large intestine is to absorb water and store fecal material until it can be excreted from the body.

  46. Part 4: Circulatory System: The Heart Write this Question: 5. How does blood circulate through the heart and body to provide oxygen and nutrients?

  47. HEART 3 chambered heart Right atrium Left atrium Ventricle Image from: http://www.digitalfrog.com/resources/froggallery.html

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