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Measles

Measles. By Emma Butler, Nadia Douglas, Brian Fay, Sive Finlay, Sara Kinsman, Chris Mulvey , Sarah McGrath, Siobhán Regan. What is Measles?. An infection of the respiratory system Caused by the Morbillivirus Transmitted through respiration

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Measles

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  1. Measles By Emma Butler, Nadia Douglas, Brian Fay, Sive Finlay, Sara Kinsman, Chris Mulvey, Sarah McGrath, Siobhán Regan

  2. What is Measles? • An infection of the respiratory system • Caused by the Morbillivirus • Transmitted through respiration • Symptoms: fever, cough, rash koplik’s spots

  3. Diagnosis & treatment • Clinical diagnosis requires a history of fever of 3 days, with at least 1 of: cough, cold, conjunctivitis • Koplik’s spots are diagnostic, but not always seen • No specific treatment

  4. Evolution of measles • Evolved from the rinderpest virus in the 11th and 12th centuries • Thought to have evolved in an environment where cattle and humans lived in close proximity • 1st scientific description by Muhammad ibnZakariyaar-Razi

  5. Historical treatments • Ancient Egypt • Mythology • Herbal treatments • Ancient Rome • Mythology • Herbal treatments • American Indians • Disharmony • Medicine men

  6. The Dark Ages & Medieval Era • Proper obedience to God and the will of the Church • Dirty water : to keep a baby from growing up sickly • Rabbits foot: to prevent disease • Leeches • Bleeding : “draining out” the illness • Roasted mice

  7. Homeopathy & Measles • In Eastern medical philosophy, poisons are believed to accumulate in the baby's body during life in the womb. • Changes in your child's behaviour. • Measles strengthens the immune system. • Virgin population that has never experienced the disease.

  8. Fiji 1875 • Measles epidemic killed over 40,000 people • Increased visiting vessels and shorter travelling times – from Australia rather than England • No natural immunity – used as evidence for natives being less evolved • Extrinsic factors increased the severity • vitamin A deficiency • coinfection with pneumonia and diarrheal disease • starvation – hurricane and unable to gather food due to the epidemic • refusal to accept the risk – similar to HIV in the 1980s

  9. Native American Indians • Measles introduced to the Americas by Old World settlers beginning with the Voyages of Columbus in AD 1492 • Separate evolutionary histories for host-pathogen relationships prior to Age of Exploration • Lack of immunological memory increased risk of infection, morbidity and mortality • “Virgin-soil” epidemics

  10. Native American Indians • Old World diseases preceded contact by actual explorers • Populations already decimated by the time Europeans settlers attempted to colonise • Intensified reactions to measles vaccine observed in unexposed populations of American Indians to this day

  11. Intrinsic & Extrinsic Drivers • The intrinsic and extrinsic driving factors of measles are well characterised. • Earn et el (2000) used a seasonally forced SEIR model to demonstrate how changes in complex dynamics could be predicted, with just knowledge of population size and vaccination rates.

  12. Intrinsic & Extrinsic Drivers • From studies similar to that of Earn et al (2000)- intrinsic and extrinsic factors of measles are not mutually exclusive of each other • Interactions between • Intrinsic, nonlinear dynamics and • Extrinsic, seasonal cycles Drive the disease and influences the epidemics

  13. Cyclical Nature of Epidemics

  14. Any Questions?

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