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Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning. Module 14. Learning. A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. Classical Conditioning. A type of learning where a stimulus gains the power to cause a response because it predicts another stimulus that already produces that response

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Classical Conditioning

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  1. Classical Conditioning Module 14

  2. Learning • A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

  3. Classical Conditioning • A type of learning where a stimulus gains the power to cause a response because it predicts another stimulus that already produces that response • Form of learning by association

  4. Stimulus-Response • Stimulus - anything in the environment that one can respond to • Response – any behavior or action

  5. Stimulus-Response Relationship

  6. Stimulus-Response Relationship

  7. Behaviorism • The view that psychology should restrict its efforts to studying observable behaviors, not mental processes. • Founded by John Watson

  8. Components of Classical Conditioning Module 15: Classical Conditioning

  9. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) • A stimulus that triggers a response automatically and reflexively

  10. Unconditioned Response (UCR) • The automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus • The relationship between the UCS and UCR must be reflexive and not learned

  11. Conditioned Stimulus (CS) • A stimulus that through learning has gained the power to cause a conditioned response • The CS must be a neutral stimulus before conditioning occurs.

  12. Conditioned Response • The response to the conditioned stimulus • Usually the same behavior as the UCR

  13. Classical Conditioning Processes: Acquisition Module 15: Classical Conditioning

  14. Acquisition • The process of developing a learned response • The subject learns a new response (CR) to a previously neutral stimulus (CS)

  15. Classical Conditioning Processes: Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery Module 15: Classical Conditioning

  16. Extinction • The diminishing of a learned response • In classical conditioning, the continual presentation of the CS without the UCS

  17. Extinction

  18. Spontaneous Recovery • The reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response

  19. Spontaneous Recovery

  20. Ivan Pavlov’s Discovery Module 15: Classical Conditioning

  21. Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) • A Russian physiologist who discovered classical conditioning while doing experiments on the digestive system of dogs

  22. Pavlov’s Method of Collecting Saliva

  23. Pavlov’s Research Apparatus

  24. Ivan Pavlov • Insert “Pavlov’s Discovery of Classical Conditioning” Video #6 from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology. • Instructions for importing the video file can be found in the ‘Readme’ file on the CD-ROM. • Please Note: There are multiple video clips for this concept.

  25. Pavlov’s Experiment

  26. Pavlov’s Experiment

  27. Pavlov’s Experiment

  28. Generalization • Process in which an organism produces the same response to two similar stimuli • The more similar the substitute stimulus is to the original used in conditioning, the stronger the generalized response

  29. Generalization

  30. Discrimination • A process in which an organism produces different responses to two similar stimuli • The subject learns that one stimuli predicts the UCS and the other does not.

  31. Classical Conditioning in Everyday Life:Little Albert Module 15: Classical Conditioning

  32. Little Albert • 11-month-old infant • Watson and his assistant, Rosalie Rayner, conditioned Albert to be frightened of white rats • Led to questions about experimental ethics

  33. Little Albert--Before Conditioning • Insert “Watson’s Little Albert” Video #7a from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology. • Instructions for importing the video file can be found in the ‘Readme’ file on the CD-ROM.

  34. Little Albert – Before Conditioning

  35. Little Albert – During Conditioning

  36. Little Albert – After Conditioning • Insert “Watson’s Little Albert” Video #7b from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology. • Instructions for importing the video file can be found in the ‘Readme’ file on the CD-ROM.

  37. Little Albert – After Conditioning

  38. Little Albert - Generalization • Insert “Watson’s Little Albert” Video #7c from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology. • Instructions for importing the video file can be found in the ‘Readme’ file on the CD-ROM.

  39. Little Albert - Generalization

  40. Classical Conditioning in Everyday Life:Taste Aversion Module 15: Classical Conditioning

  41. Taste Aversion • Subjects become classically conditioned to avoid specific tastes, because the tastes are associated with nausea. • John Garcia (1917- )

  42. Cognition and Biological Predispositions Module 15: Classical Conditioning

  43. Robert Rescorla (1940- ) • Developed a theory emphasizing the importance of cognitive processes in classical conditioning • Pointed out that subjects had to determine (think) whether the CS was a reliable predictor of the UCS

  44. Biological Perspective • We are predisposed to learn things that affect our survival. • We are predisposed to avoid threats our ancestors faced--food that made us sick, storms, heights, snakes, etc.--but not modern-day threats--cars, water pollution, etc.

  45. The End

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