590 likes | 593 Views
Learn about prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, the chemistry of cells, the structure of DNA, organelles, cell membrane, cellular transport, and the cell cycle.
E N D
Cells BIO 2215 Oklahoma City Community College Dennis Anderson
Cells • Basic unit of all living organisms • Contain DNA • Genetic information
Prokaryotic Cell Cells with no nucleus Originated over 3.5 billion years ago Bacteria
Eukaryotic Cell • Cells with a nucleus • Originated 1.5 billion years ago • Plants and animals have this type of cell
Chemistry of Cells • Carbohydrates • Energy • Lipids---Fats & Oils • Store energy • Proteins • Building material • Nucleic Acids---DNA & RNA • Store genetic information
Single Chromosome (unreplicated) Chromatin Doubled Chromosome (replicated) DNA exists in different forms
Chromatin • DNA is made of several long, threadlike molecules Chromatin
Single Chromosome (unreplicated) Single Chromosome • DNA is coiled into a condensed form Chromosomes in cell
Doubled Chromosome (replicated) Doubled Chromosome • Two identical copies of DNA a attached together
Chromatid Chromatid Doubled Chromosome • Two identical chromatids • Chromatids will separate to form two identical single chromosomes • Chromatids held together by a centromere Centromere
Nucleus Separates DNA from the rest of the cell
Rough and Smooth ER Rough ER: Synthesize proteins Smooth ER: Synthesize lipids
Ribosome (dot) Scaffold for protein synthesis
Small storage compartment Vesicle
Exocytosis Excreting material from a cell
Endocytosis Engulfing material into a cell
Molecules packaged for secretion Golgi Body
Lysosome Digestive enzymes to kill bacteria & recycle cell contents
Tay-Sachs Disease Enlarged lysosomes
Large storage compartment Vacuole
Releases energy from nutrients Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm Fluid that contain nutrients for the cell
Centrioles Divide chromosomes during cell division
Cell Membrane Fig. 3.6
Phospholipids • Prevents movement of water soluble molecules and ions
Cholesterol • Strengthens cell membrane
Integral Proteins • Form channels to allow molecules or ions to enter or leave the cell
Recognition Proteins • Carbohydrate • Identify the cell
Peripheral Protein • Enzymes
Receptor Proteins • Reacts with molecular signals
Cystic Fibrosis • Abnormal chloride channel (protein) traps salt in cell. • Salt attracts water into cell • Secretions extra thick • Plugs up lungs • Plugs up pancreas
Osmosis Water moves across a membrane to the side with a higher concentration of Solutes
300 Crenate 350 Cell in a Hyperosmotic Solution
Swell 300 Lyse 250 Cell in a Hypoosmotic Solution
300 0.9% 300 Cell in Isosmotic Solution No net movement of water 0.9%
Cell Cycle • Produces new cells by division • Interphase • Stage when cell is not dividing • DNA duplicates • Mitosis • Series of stages in division of nuclear material • Each daughter cell gets a complete set of chromosomes