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The Basics of Cells: Structure, Function, and Replication

Learn about prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, the chemistry of cells, the structure of DNA, organelles, cell membrane, cellular transport, and the cell cycle.

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The Basics of Cells: Structure, Function, and Replication

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  1. Cells BIO 2215 Oklahoma City Community College Dennis Anderson

  2. Cells • Basic unit of all living organisms • Contain DNA • Genetic information

  3. Prokaryotic Cell Cells with no nucleus Originated over 3.5 billion years ago Bacteria

  4. Eukaryotic Cell • Cells with a nucleus • Originated 1.5 billion years ago • Plants and animals have this type of cell

  5. Chemistry of Cells • Carbohydrates • Energy • Lipids---Fats & Oils • Store energy • Proteins • Building material • Nucleic Acids---DNA & RNA • Store genetic information

  6. Single Chromosome (unreplicated) Chromatin Doubled Chromosome (replicated) DNA exists in different forms

  7. Chromatin • DNA is made of several long, threadlike molecules Chromatin

  8. Single Chromosome (unreplicated) Single Chromosome • DNA is coiled into a condensed form Chromosomes in cell

  9. Doubled Chromosome (replicated) Doubled Chromosome • Two identical copies of DNA a attached together

  10. Chromatid Chromatid Doubled Chromosome • Two identical chromatids • Chromatids will separate to form two identical single chromosomes • Chromatids held together by a centromere Centromere

  11. Nucleus Separates DNA from the rest of the cell

  12. Endoplasmic Reticulum

  13. Rough and Smooth ER Rough ER: Synthesize proteins Smooth ER: Synthesize lipids

  14. Ribosome (dot) Scaffold for protein synthesis

  15. Small storage compartment Vesicle

  16. Exocytosis Excreting material from a cell

  17. Endocytosis Engulfing material into a cell

  18. Phagocytosis

  19. Molecules packaged for secretion Golgi Body

  20. Fig. 3.10

  21. Lysosome Digestive enzymes to kill bacteria & recycle cell contents

  22. Tay-Sachs Disease Enlarged lysosomes

  23. Large storage compartment Vacuole

  24. Releases energy from nutrients Mitochondrion

  25. Double Membrane of Mitochondria

  26. Cytoplasm Fluid that contain nutrients for the cell

  27. Centrioles Divide chromosomes during cell division

  28. Cell Membrane Fig. 3.6

  29. Phospholipids • Prevents movement of water soluble molecules and ions

  30. Cholesterol • Strengthens cell membrane

  31. Integral Proteins • Form channels to allow molecules or ions to enter or leave the cell

  32. Recognition Proteins • Carbohydrate • Identify the cell

  33. Peripheral Protein • Enzymes

  34. Receptor Proteins • Reacts with molecular signals

  35. Can you identify the parts of the cell membrane?

  36. Diffusion—Passive Transport

  37. Active Transport

  38. Cystic Fibrosis • Abnormal chloride channel (protein) traps salt in cell. • Salt attracts water into cell • Secretions extra thick • Plugs up lungs • Plugs up pancreas

  39. Osmosis Water moves across a membrane to the side with a higher concentration of Solutes

  40. Fig. 3.17a

  41. Fig. 3.17b

  42. 300 Crenate 350 Cell in a Hyperosmotic Solution

  43. Swell 300 Lyse 250 Cell in a Hypoosmotic Solution

  44. 300 0.9% 300 Cell in Isosmotic Solution No net movement of water 0.9%

  45. Cell Cycle • Produces new cells by division • Interphase • Stage when cell is not dividing • DNA duplicates • Mitosis • Series of stages in division of nuclear material • Each daughter cell gets a complete set of chromosomes

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