Child Abuse

1. Child Abuse BY: Olaa marouf albakheet.

2. By the end of this presentation, I hope that all of us will be able to: • Define child abuse. • Identify the different forms of child abuse. • Know about the most abusive situations. Objectives :

3. Child abuse comes in many different forms such as neglect, physical abuse, fetal abuse, sexual abuse, and emotional abuse . While child abuse has always existed, most children do not experience abuse Introduction

4. Violence in families is rare. • Violence occur among low income families. • Abused children can learn how to channel their emotions positively if the cycle of violence is broken . • (myth), is common and increasing. • (myth), across all incomes. • (truth), and the myth that all of them will become abusive adults. Myths and truths:

5. In some violence families, is safest to child to be in another place with another family member or a foster home (temporarily or permanently). • Violence in families does not coexist with love • (truth), and myth that even abusive parents are better for a child than living elsewhere. • (myth), love may exist but is unable to be displayed appropriately due to conflicting emotions.

7. has been defined as an act, or failure to act, on the part of a parent or caretaker that results in the death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse, or exploitation of a child, or which places the child in an imminent risk of serious harm ** according to child help org Child abuse:

8. Neglect occurs when the physical, emotional, or educational resources necessary for healthy growth and development are withheld or unavailable . • Neglect may be obvious and may not, it observer if a very young child is playing unattended outside, is not dressed appropriately for the weather, or has unkempt appearance( general neglect ). Child Neglect

9. Physical neglect – Includes abandonment or inadequate supervision, and failure to provide for safety or physical needs. Includes failure to thrive, malnutrition, unsanitary conditions, or injuries from lack of supervision. • Educational neglect – Includes not enrolling child in school, or allowing child to engage in chronic truancy.

10. Emotional neglect - Includes withholding of affection or attention, failure to provide psychological care, ignoring the child’s emotional needs. • Medical neglect – Includes delay or denial of dental or health care, or withholding medical care due to religious beliefs.

11. Examples: • Parents may refuse to buy eyeglasses for a child who needs them( medical neglect ). • A child who get to school only 3 days a week without breakfast or packed lunch( educational neglect ).

12. The child lacks of adequate medical or dental care. • The child is often sleepy or hungry. • The child is often dirty, demonstrate poor personal hygiene. • There is evidence of poor supervision for the child’s age. • The child appears to be malnourished. Signs and symptoms of neglect:

14. Is intentional harm to a child by another person that results in pain, physical injury, biting, burning, shaking, head injury, laceration, and fractures. Physical abuse

15. - the child excessively passive, overly compliant, withdrawn, or at the other extreme, excessively aggressive, or physical violent. • -the child and/or parents attempts to hide injuries. • - the child is apprehensive when other child cry. • -the child is wary of physical contact with adults. • -The child hyper vigilant. • -the frightened of going home. behavioral indicators of physical abuse:

17. Sexual abuse of children includes acts of sexual assault of a minor and may consist of a single incident or many act over a long period. Sexual assault includes rape, gang rape, incest(sexual abuse among family members who are related by blood. ”most hidden form of child abuse” )… • The greatest danger “a pedophile”; is an adult whose main sexual interest is a child. Is tend to be well-liked by children, and lures children into sexual relationship with love, rewards, and gifts. He may be among child’s family member or trusted neighbor, teacher.. Sexual abuse

18. Community health nurses have to be part of the sexual abuse response team, who’s responsibilities include obtaining the evidence and supplying the support for victims and the family. The nurse has very specific actions to take to promote trust, obtain needed specimen evidence, and treat the sexual abuse victim who already traumatized

20. It involves psychological mistreatment or neglect, such as when parents do not provide the normal experiences that produce feeling of being loved, wanted, secure, and worthy. Emotional abuse

22. Can take several different forms: • verbal abuse, a mother shout at the child “you just like your father”, “you are ugly, lazy”. • emotional abandonment, some parents shun their children as a form of punishment; they will not speak to them and do not look at them and behave as if them not exist. • verbal threats, for example :” do that again and you’ll really know that my belt feels like”.

24. Two specific patterns of abuse against children should be discussed here : • Shaken baby syndrome • Munchausen syndrome by proxy , are fairly rare, but by the time they are discovered it is often too late, with the diagnosis being made during a visit to the emergency department or at autopsy Specific Abusive Situations

25. 3) Internet crimes against children 4) Crimes against children by babysitters are increasingly common issues feared by parents. 5) Child abduction

26. Is the intentional abusive action of violently shaking an infant or toddler, usually one younger than 18 months of age. • Causes : • The type of damage that occurs to these infants very seldom occurs through play. • As in the minor falls a baby at play may experience. • Or as a result of parents’ tossing a baby in the air. Shaken Baby Syndrome

27. Bilateral retinal hemorrhage . • Subdural or subarachnoid hematomas • Absence of other external signs of abuse • Breathing difficulties • Seizures • Dilated pupils • Lethargy • Unconsciousness Classic medical symptoms

28. These injuries are caused by a violent, sustained action in which the infant’s head, which lacks muscular control, is violently whipped forward and backward, hitting the chest and shoulders. • Within minutes to hours after the injury, the baby begins to show symptoms, such as seizures or unconsciousness. A typical explanation given by the parents or caretakers is that the baby was “fine” and then suddenly went into respiratory arrest or began having seizures.

30. Munchausen syndrome is a psychological disorder in which a client fabricates the symptoms of a disease in order to undergo medical tests, hospitalization, or even medical or surgical treatment. Clients with this disorder may intentionally injure themselves or induce illness in themselves. Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy

32. Internet crimes are insidious because they come right into the home. Either unintentionally or intentionally, a minor accesses an Internet chat room or Web site developed or used by pedophiles. • The perpetrator establishes contact, usually passing himself off as a teen or young man who has similar interests, and states affection for and understanding of the youth’s “problems.” Eventually the pedophile either sets up a meeting time and place or engages in sexually explicit dialogue with the minor Internet Crimes Against Children

33. Many minors find the attention from this stranger inviting or exciting and plan to meet the person. When this happens, the minor falls victim to this individual who preys on children, and most often the outcomes are not good.

34. Assist families to prevent such crimes by placing “blocks” on computers in the home through their Internet server. • keeping the family computer in a high-traffic area in the home so that the parents can always be aware of the sites accessed by their children. • Limiting access to the computer to specific sites or times of day when the parents are home. Community health nurses role in this situation

35. 4) Certainly, talking with their children about the risks of chat rooms or specific Internet sites and developing strong and open channels of communication are important and will help the children and parents to bond more strongly, much needed for successful child rearing.

37. -Child abduction is a crime that every parent fears- • -Although stranger abduction happens infrequently, it remains an uppermost fear. • -the parent from whom the child was taken may be unaware that the abduction was by a relative or known person and may experience • the same type of stress and loss as parents who lose a child by stranger abduction. • -Prevention of child abduction is difficult. Child abduction

38. promoting close supervision of young children and practice of behaviors that promote anonymity. • Ideas:- • -holding the child’s hand while in malls or stores or keeping the child in • the seat of a shopping cart . • -keeping a young child in sight at all times when playing outside • - having a cell phone, leaving an itinerary with parents and not changing it without the parents’ knowledge Community health nurses role :

39. -Abuse by caretakers is a fear of parents who must work and leave children with others. • Community health nurse role : • - help parents assess day care settings . • - They should assess their infants and follow-up on bruises, rashes, burns that are not normal Crimes Against Children by Babysitters

40. -the parents need to listen to them and ask about their day and activities

42. - A father hits a mother.-----> The mother hits her son.--------> The son hits his sister--------> The sister hits her little brother.------> The little brother sets fire to the cat -----> pulls wings off butterflies, and grows up to be a spouse batterer. • - abused girls may grow up to be abusing mothers, more often they grow up to be abused wives. PARTNER/SPOUSAL VIOLENCE

44. Child abuse is more than bruises and broken bones. While physical abuse might be the most visible, other types of abuse, such as emotional abuse and neglect, also leave deep, lasting scars. The earlier abused children get help, the greater chance they have to heal and break the cycle—rather than perpetuate it. By learning about common signs of abuse and what you can do to intervene, you can make a huge difference in a child’s life. Summary

45. www.childhelp.org • Assessing the real threat to public health. American Journal of Public Health, 91(5), 708–709 • Davis, K.E., Frieze, I.H., & Maiuro, R.D. (2002). Stalking: Perspectives on victims and perpetrators. New York: Springer. References