C410 The Operations Process Intro to Tactics

2. F501 Doctrinal Foundations C410The Operations ProcessIntro to Tactics

3. F501-F510 F501 – Doctrine Foundations F502 – Stability Operations [with a P.E.] F503 – Tactical Logistics F504 – Offensive Operations [with a P.E.] F505 – Defensive Operations [with a P.E.] F506 – Homeland Defense and DSCA Operations F507 – Joint Operations F508 – Joint Functions Student Briefings F509 – JIIM Roles, Functions, Capabilities & Limitations Student Briefings F510 – Operational Law

4. Assigned Readings 1. ADP 3-0, Unified Land Operations, 10 October 2011. Entire book, (27 pages) [45 minutes to read] Read to gain an understanding of Unified Land Operations doctrine. 1. FM 3-0 (Change 1), Operations, 22 February 2011. Chapter 3, (21 pages) [45 minutes to read] Read to gain an understanding of unified land operations doctrine. Chapter 7, paragraphs 7-12 through 7-92, (14 pages) [30 minutes to read] Read to develop an understanding of the relationship between operational art and tactical art. 2. FM 3-90, Tactics, 4 July 2001. Chapter 1, paragraphs 1-0 through 1-19, 1-21 through 1-49 (9 pages), and paragraphs 2-0 through 2-27, Chapter 2 (8 pages) [40 minutes to read] Read to understand tactical fundamentals. 3. FM 3-90.6, Brigade Combat Team, 14 September 2010. Chapter 2, paragraphs 2-19 through 2-25 (2 pages) [5 minutes to read]. Total Reading Time: 165 minutes

5. Key Concepts • This lesson is designed to provide an overview of the following topics: • The role of doctrine as a guide and a common frame of reference. • The foundations for Army operations contained in its operational concept - Unified Land Operations.This concept describes how Army forces adapt to meet the distinct requirements of land operations. • Key concepts within the Army’s operational doctrine: • Elements of Operational Art • Defeat and Stability Mechanisms • Lines of Operations & Lines of Effort • Introduction to tactics • Tactical fundamentals • Concept of operations • Nesting • Tactical Enabling Operations • ARFORGEN principles & contribution to ULO

6. What is doctrine?

7. SPECTRUM OF CONFLICT Increasing Violence/Conflict Stable Peace Unstable Peace General War Insurgency Stability Offense Offense Stability Defense Defense Offense Stability Stability Offense Offense Stability Defense Defense Defense The Continuum of Operations: Links the Operational Environment with the Army’s Operational Concept: Unified Land Operations Operational Themes • Peacetime military engagement: • Multination training exercises • Security assistance • Counterdrug activities • Limited intervention: • NEO • Humanitarian assistance • Strike • Raid • Peace Ops: • Peacekeeping • Peace enforcement • Peace building • Conflict prevention • Irregular warfare: • FID • Counterinsurgency • Combating terrorism • Support to insurgency • Unconventional warfare • Major combat ops: • Forcible entry • Air ops for air supremacy • Navy ops for freedom of movement • Land ops to seize & control enemy military & population

8. Unified Land Operations The foundations for Army operations are contained in its operational concept – Unified Land Operations. ULO is how the Army seizes, retains, and exploits the initiative to gain and maintain a position of relative advantage in sustained land operations through simultaneous offensive, defensive, and stability operationsin order to prevent or deter conflict, prevail in war, and create the conditions for favorable conflict resolution. ULO conducts a fluid mix of offensive, defensive, and stability/DSCA(Defense Support of Civil Authorities) simultaneously. OND OEF Haiti ADP 3-0, Unified Land Operations

9. Decisive Actions ofUnified Land Operations DSCA OFFENSE DEFENSE STABILITY • Primary Tasks • Civil security (includes security force assistance). • Civil control. • Restore essential services. • Support to governance. • Support to economic and infrastructure development. • Primary Tasks • Provide support in response to disaster. • Support civil law enforcement. • Provide other support as required. • Primary Types • Movement to contact. • Attack. • Exploitation. • Pursuit. • Primary Types • Mobile defense. • Area defense. • Retrograde operations. • Purposes • Dislocate, isolate, disrupt, and destroy enemy forces. • Seize key terrain. • Deprive the enemy of resources. • Develop intelligence. • Deceive and divert the enemy. • Create a secure environ- ment for stability operations. • Purposes • Deter or defeat enemy offensive operations. • Gain time. • Achieve economy of force. • Retain key terrain. • Protect the populace, critical assets and infrastructure. • Develop intelligence. • Purposes • Provide a secure environment. • Secure land areas. • Meet the critical needs of the populace. • Gain support for host- nation government. • Shape the environment for interagency and host- nation success. • Purposes • Save lives. • Restore essential services. • Maintain or restore law and order. • Protect infrastructure and property. • Maintain or restore local government. • Shape the environment for interagency success. FM 3-0, Operations

10. Unified Land OperationsEssential Fundamentals (Initiative) “Operational initiative is setting or dictating the terms of action throughout an operation.” Requires an “offensive mindset” and “positive action to change both information and the situation on the ground.” How is initiative demonstrated during each element of Unified Land Operations?

11. Unified Land Operations Tenets • Flexibility • mix of capabilities, formations, and equipment for conducting operations; collaborative planning, and decentralized execution • Integration • operations with joint, interagency, and multinational partners; conform Army capabilities and plans to the larger concept • Lethality • expert application of lethal force builds the foundation for effective offensive, defensive, and stability operations • Adaptability • willingness to accept prudent risk in unfamiliar or changing situations, adjustment based on continuous assessment • Depth • arranging activities across the entire operational framework to achieve the most decisive result • Synchronization • arrangement of military actions to produce maximum relative combat power at a decisive place and time

12. Simultaneity and Synchronization Simultaneously executing the elements of Unified Land Operations requires the synchronized application of combat power. What is synchronization? Give me an example. Para 32-34, ADP 3-0 Para 3-15, FM 3-0 What is simultaneity? Give me an example. Para 3-16, FM 3-0 What is combat power? Para 4-1, FM 3-0

13. Intelligence Protection Fires Elements of Combat Power • Combat Power is the way Army leaders envision capability. There are 8 elements of combat power. 6 WFFs tied together by Leadership and Information. INFORMATION Movement & Maneuver Mission Command Sustainment LEADERSHIP • Allocation of combat power by purpose is accomplished in terms of Decisive, Shaping, and Sustaining Operations. These operations combine all the WFFs to generate combat power. • Army leaders employ combat power through Combined Arms organized through tailoring and task organizing forces to optimize the elements of combat power for a particular mission.

14. Elements of Operational Art • End state and Conditions • Centers of Gravity • Direct or Indirect Approach • Decisive Points • Lines of Operations/Effort • Operational Reach • Tempo • Simultaneity and Depth • Phasing and Transitions • Culmination • Risk FM 3-0, Operations

15. Centers of Gravity • Center of gravityis the source of power that provides moral or physical strength, freedom of action, or will to act (Joint Publication 3-0). • Physical centers of gravity, (i.e. capital city or military force), are typically easier to identify, assess, and target. They can often be influenced solely by military means. • Moral centers of gravity are intangible and complex. They are dynamic and related to human factors (i.e. charismatic leader, powerful ruling elite, religious tradition, tribal influence, or strong-willed populace). Military means alone are usually ineffective when targeting moral centers of gravity. The operational approachis the manner in which a commander contends with a center of gravity. There are two operational approaches: 1. Direct approach: Applies combat power directly against the enemy’s CoG or principal strength. 2. Indirect approach: Attacks the enemy’s CoG by applying combat power against a series of decisive points that avoid enemy strengths.

16. Defeat Mechanisms Operational Art • End state and Conditions • Centers of Gravity • Direct or Indirect Approach • - Defeat mechanisms • - Stability mechanisms • Decisive Points • Lines of Operations/Effort • Operational Reach • Tempo • Simultaneity and Depth • Phasing and Transitions • Culmination • Risk • The method through which friendly forces accomplish their mission against enemy opposition. Destroy The application of lethal combat power to destroy enemy capabilities. Dislocate Isolate Enemy Employ forces to obtain significant positional advantage, rendering the enemy’s dispositions less valuable, perhaps even irrelevant. Denies an adversary or enemy access to capabilities that enable the exercise of coercion, influence, potential advantage, and freedom of action. Two types: physical and psychological. Disintegrate Disrupts the enemy’s mission command system, degrading the ability to conduct operations while leading to a rapid collapse of the enemy’s capabilities or will to fight.

17. Stability Mechanisms Operational Art • End state and Conditions • Centers of Gravity • Direct or Indirect Approach • - Defeat mechanisms • - Stability mechanisms • Decisive Points • Lines of Operations/Effort • Operational Reach • Tempo • Simultaneity and Depth • Phasing and Transitions • Culmination • Risk • The method through which friendly forces focus efforts to attain conditions that support establishing a lasting, stable peace. Compel Uses actual or threatened lethal force to establish control and dominance, affect behavioral change, or enforce compliance. Enduring Peace Control Support Focuses on imposing civil order. Includes securing borders, routes, sensitive sites, population centers and individuals. Also involves physically occupying key terrain and facilities. Focuses on ability of the force to establish, reinforce, or set conditions necessary for other instruments of national power to function effectively. Influence Imposing will of friendly forces on the situation through information engagement, presence, and conduct. Influence aims at affecting behavioral change through nonlethal means.

18. Decisive Points (DPs) • Joint Publication 3-0, Joint Operations, defines decisive point as a geographic place, specific key event, critical factor, or function that, when acted upon, allows commanders to gain a marked advantage over an adversary or contribute materially to achieving success. Operational Art • End state and Conditions • Centers of Gravity • Direct or Indirect Approach • Decisive Points • Lines of Operations/Effort • Operational Reach • Tempo • Simultaneity and Depth • Phasing and Transitions • Culmination • Risk • Decisive points are not centers of gravity; they are keys to attacking or protecting them. • Some decisive points are geographic (e.g. port facilities, distribution networks and nodes, or an enemy force.) • Some decisive points may be events (e.g. commitment of the enemy reserve or an election). • Decisive points apply at both the operational and tactical levels.

19. Lines of Operations/Effort • A line of operations (LOO) is a line that defines the directional orientation of a force in time and space in relation to the enemy and links the force with its base of operations and objectives. Operational Art • End state and Conditions • Centers of Gravity • Direct or Indirect Approach • Decisive Points • Lines of Operations/Effort • Operational Reach • Tempo • Simultaneity and Depth • Phasing and Transitions • Culmination • Risk • A Line of effort: A line that links multiple tasks and missions using the logic of purpose – cause and effect – to focus efforts toward establishing operational and strategic conditions. • Major combat operations are typically designed using LOOs. • Irregular warfare typically requires lines of operations complemented with lines of effort.

20. Decisive point Decisive point Decisive point Decisive point Decisive point Decisive point Lines of Operations Exterior lines: Operations converge on the enemy. Operations on exterior lines offer opportunities to encircle and annihilate an enemy force. Base Base Base Objective

21. Lines of Effort (Stability/DSCA)

22. BREAK

23. IRAQI FREEDOM Example Free, democratic and prosperous Iraq NATIONAL POLICY President Defeat Iraqi forces and isolate the regime Secretary of Defense THEATER STRATEGY CJCS Combatant commanders Operation IRAQI FREEDOM CAMPAIGNS CFLCC attacks to isolate Baghdad MAJOR OPERATIONS Joint task force commanders Component commanders Corps • Isolation of An Najaf • Operations to secure LOCs • Attacks to isolate Baghdad BATTLES ENGAGEMENTS TF 3-69 AR attacks to seize bridge on OBJ PEACH Divisions Brigades SMALL UNIT AND CREW ACTIONS Battalions Small units SFC Paul Smith & PVT Seaman defeat Iraqi SRG counter attack “On Point”2004 P 307. The Tactical Level of War Ends STRATEGIC LEVEL Ways OPERATIONAL LEVEL Means TACTICAL LEVEL

24. Tactics: What is it? What is it not?

25. Art and Science of Tactics • The Art: • The creative and flexible array of means to accomplish assigned missions. • Decision making under conditions of uncertainty. • Understanding the effects of combat on Soldiers – yours and the enemy’s. • The Science: • Understanding physical capabilities of organizations and systems, as well as techniques, and procedures that can be measured and codified. “Those who seek to fight by rote, who memorize an assortment of standard solutions with the idea of applying the most appropriate when confronted by actual combat, walk with disaster.” Infantry in Battle

26. Tactical Fundamentals: FM 3-90The Art of Tactics “War is, above all things, an art, employing science in all its branches as its servant, but depending first and chiefly upon the skill of the artisan. It has its own rules, but not one of them is rigid and invariable. As new implements are devised, new methods result in its mechanical execution; but over and above all its mechanical appliances, it rests upon the complex factors of human nature, which cannot be reduced to formulas and rules. The proper use of these thinking and animated parts of the great machine can be divined only by the genius and instinct of the commanders. No books can teach this, and no rules define it.” CPT Francis V. Greene, 1883

27. The Art of Tactics • What is the current situation?– time, space, terrain, enemy, friendly, civil-military, resources. • What is the unit’s tactical problem? – not the mission from higher HQ.What METT-TC conditions will influence accomplishment of the mission from higher HQ? • What are the commander’s intent requirements?– decisive, shaping, and sustaining operations; effects. • What are the doctrinal requirements? – given the situation and intent, what are the doctrinal requirements the modular echelon of command must account for by assigning responsibility, allocating resources (including time), or accepting risk? • What are the capabilities available to meet the requirements? – mission command, organizations, systems, resources/supplies/manning, time, space. • What are the challenges that must be overcome? – by task organization, delegation of authority, sequencing of activities, prioritization of critical resources, or by Soldiers accepting your risk. • How must the commander arrange activities in time, space, and purpose to focus maximum relative military power to meet the various requirements in the unit AO? – sequencing, prioritization, timing, risk.

28. Tactical Fundamentals Each activity requires dedicated assets, time to execute, maneuver space to execute, supplies, and security. Application requires command decisions – priorities, sequencing, complementary and reinforcing effects, task organization, risk. Gain and maintain contact Disrupt Unifying concepts throughout FM 3-90 Fix Maneuver Follow through How do you execute these tasks in an environment with finite resources, the requirement to accomplish concurrent tasks and an enemy who won’t cooperate?

29. Tactical Mission Tasks TACTICAL MISSION TASK - “ The specific activity performed by a unit while executing a form of tactical operation or form of maneuver. It may be expressed in terms of either actions by a friendly force or effects on an enemy force.” FM 1-02 “Tactical mission tasks describe the results or effects the commander wants to achieve – the what and why of a mission statement” FM 3-90 The what is an effect that is normally measurable. The why of a mission statement provides the mission’s purpose or reason. • What are some tactical mission tasks in relation to: • The Enemy? • Terrain? • Friendly forces?

30. Tactical Mission Tasks “The What” “The Why” Friendly Force Actions Allow Cause Create Deceive Deny Divert Enable Envelop Influence Open Prevent Protect Support Surprise Effects on Enemy Attack-by-fire Breach Bypass Clear Counter reconnaissance Control Disengage Exfiltrate Follow and assume Follow and support Occupy Reduce Retain Secure Seize Support by fire Suppress Block Canalize Contain Defeat Destroy Disrupt Fix Interdict Isolate Neutralize Turn …in order to Purpose (Army) — The desired or intended result of the tactical operation stated in terms relating to the enemy or to the desired situation. It is the why of the mission statement, normally expressed in a descriptive phrase.

31. Concept of Operations The concept of operations is a statement that directs the manner in which subordinate units cooperate to accomplish the mission…. The decisive operationis the operation that directly accomplishes the mission. It determines the outcome of a major operation, battle, or engagement. The decisive operation is the focal point around which commanders design the entire operation. A shaping operationis an operation at any echelon that creates and preserves conditions for the success of the decisive operation. A sustaining operationis an operation at any echelon that enables the decisive operation or shaping operations by generating and maintaining combat power.

32. Nested Concepts …a planning tool to achieve unity of purpose • Vertical linkage – commanders ensure their concept is nested with that of their higher headquarters. • Horizontal linkage – commanders ensure subordinate unit missions are unified by task and purpose to accomplish the mission. • Advantages: • Helps the staff analyze the higher HQ’s order (mission, commander’s intent, and concept of the operation) • Helps the staff understand what their contribution is to the higher HQ’s plan • Understand the relationship between shaping operations and the decisive operation • Supports doctrinal requirement to know intent two levels up • Key to situational awareness and mission attainability • Supports LNO planning and communication monitoring • Supports understanding of adjacent units’ mission/activities

33. XX X X X I I I I I I Horizontal Nesting DECISIVE OPERATION SHAPING OPERATION SHAPING OPERATION DECISIVE OPERATION SHAPING OPERATION DECISIVE OPERATION SHAPING OPERATION This battalion commander MUST: • Clearly understand his unique contribution to the DECISIVE OPERATION battalion’s success • (directly or indirectly). • Understand other shaping operations - either supporting his effort or the DECISIVE OPERATION. • Understand his indirect link to the division’s mission. His failure might jeopardize the • the division’s success.

34. XX X X X I I I I I I Vertical Nesting DECISIVE OPERATION SHAPING OPERATION SHAPING OPERATION DECISIVE OPERATION (DO) SHAPING OPERATION SHAPING OPERATION DECISIVE OPERATION This battalion commander MUST: • Understand how other forces in the brigade support his success (horizontal nesting). • Understand the tasks and purposes of other brigades within the division, particularly • those that support, or are supported by his brigade. • Understand how his battalion’s purpose is directly related to the division’s purpose.

35. Nesting Diagram Example (with Task & Purpose) X Heavy Brigade Task (T): CIVIL SECURITY Purpose (P): To prevent disruption of local elections Main Effort Initial Main Effort (Shaping Operation) (Decisive Operation) (Shaping Operation) T: CIVIL SECURITY T: CLEAR T: SCREEN P: to create conditions for peaceful elections P: to provide early warning of enemy infiltration into polling centers P: to support local security elements maintain internal security

36. BREAK

37. Forms of Maneuver: What are they? • Divide into 5 groups – the instructor will assign a form to each group • Present and defend a sketch to represent your form. • Present the critical elements of your form. • How is your form similar to other forms? • What makes your form unique from the other forms?

38. ARFORGEN: What is it? How is it related to doctrine, tactics, and Unified Land Operations?

42. BREAK

43. What are Tactical Enabling Operations?

44. Security Operations • Screen • Guard • Cover • Reconnaissance Operations • Troop Movement • Relief in Place • Passage of Lines • Forward • Rearward • Encirclement Operations • Vertical Envelopment FM 3-90, Tactics, 4 July 2004. FM 3-90.6, Brigade Combat Team, 14 September 2010 • Relief in place (FM 3-90) • Battle handover (FM 3-90) • Passage of lines (FM 3-90) • Linkup (FM 3-90) • Breaching (FM 3-34.22) • Gap crossing (FM 3-34.22) • Clearing (FM 3-34.22) • Troop movement (FM 3-90)

45. Types of Security & Types of Reconnaissance: What are they? • Divide into 6 groups – the instructor will assign a type to each group [3 Security groups/3 Reconnaissance groups] • Develop and defend a tactical sketch to represent your type. • Present critical elements of your type of security/ reconnaissance operation. Answer the “what” and “why.” • How is your type similar to other types? • What makes your type unique from the others? Chapter 5, FM 3-90.6

46. Questions?

47. Assigned Readings F502 Stability Operations • FM 3-07, Stability Operations, October 2008. •  Chapter 2, paragraphs 2-6 thru 2-8 and 2-13 thru 2-75, (12.5 pages) [15 minutes to read]. • Chapter 3, (22 pages) [27 minutes to read] • Chapter 4, paragraphs 4-37 thru 4-74, (7 pages) [10 minutes to read] • Appendix F, Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRT), paragraphs F-1 thru F-14, (3 pages) [8 minutes to read]