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Classification of Bones

Classification of Bones. Classification of Bones. Bones are identified by: Shape A. Long bones B. Short bones C. Flat bones D. Irregular bones 2. Internal tissues A. Compact -Strong able to bear weight B. Spongy – Light, less dense 3. Bone markings. Internal Tissues.

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Classification of Bones

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  1. Classification of Bones

  2. Classification of Bones Bones are identified by: • Shape A. Long bones B. Short bones C. Flat bones D. Irregular bones 2. Internal tissues A. Compact -Strong able to bear weight B. Spongy – Light, less dense 3. Bone markings

  3. Internal Tissues Compact Bone Spongy Bone

  4. Long Bones • Are typically longer then they are wide • All of the limbs, except the wrist and ankle bones. • Mostly compact

  5. Flat Bones • Are thin, flattened and usually curved • Found in the skull, sternum, ribs, and scapula • Have two thin layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them

  6. Flat Bones • The parietal bone of the skull Figure 6–2b

  7. Sutural Bones • Are small, irregular bones • Are found between the flat bones of the skull

  8. Irregular Bones • Have complex shapes • Do not fit one of the other categories • Examples: Vertebrae Pelvis

  9. Short Bones • Are small and thick • Cube-shaped and contain mostly spongy bone • Examples:

  10. Sesamoid (ses’ah-moyd) Bones Special type of short bone • Form within tendons • Best known example is the patella - Develop inside tendons near joints of knees, hands, and feet

  11. The Axial Skeleton Eighty bones segregated into three regions 1. Skull 2. Vertebral column 3. Bony thorax

  12. Vertebral Column Formed from 26 irregular bones (vertebrae) Cervical vertebrae 7 bones of the neck Thoracic vertebrae 12 bones of the torso Figure 7.13

  13. Vertebral Column Lumbar vertebrae 5 bones of the lower back Sacrum bone inferior to the lumbar vertebrae that articulates with the hip bones Figure 7.13

  14. Cervical Vertebrae: The Atlas (C1) The atlas • Has no body and no spinous process

  15. Cervical Vertebrae: The Axis (C2) • The axis has a body, spine, and vertebral arches as do other cervical vertebrae Figure 7.16c

  16. Sacrum and Coccyx • The sacrum • Consists of five fused vertebrae (S1-S5), which shape the posterior wall of the pelvis • Coccyx (Tailbone) • The coccyx is made up of four (in some cases three to five) fused vertebrae that articulate superiorly with the sacrum

  17. Sacrum and Coccyx Figure 7.18a

  18. Bony Thorax (Thoracic Cage) • The thoracic cage is composed of the thoracic vertebrae, ribs and the sternum • Functions • Forms a protective cage around the heart, lungs, and great blood vessels • Supports the shoulder girdles and upper limbs • Provides attachment for many neck, back, chest, and shoulder muscles

  19. Bony Thorax (Thoracic Cage) Figure 7.19a

  20. Sternum (Breastbone) • A dagger-shaped, flat bone that lies in the anterior midline of the thorax

  21. Ribs • There are twelve pair of ribs forming the flaring sides of the thoracic cage • All ribs attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae • The superior 7 pair (true ribs) attach directly to the sternum via costal cartilages • Ribs 8-10 (false ribs) attach indirectly to the sternum via costal cartilage • Ribs 11-12 (floatingribs) have no anterior attachment

  22. Ribs Figure 7.19a

  23. Appendicular Skeleton • The appendicular skeleton is made up of the bones of the limbs and their girdles • Pectoral girdles attach the upper limbs to the body trunk • Pelvic girdle secures the lower limbs

  24. Pectoral Girdles (Shoulder Girdles) • The pectoral girdles consist of the anterior clavicles and the posterior scapulae • They attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton in a manner that allows for maximum movement • They provide attachment points for muscles that move the upper limbs

  25. Clavicles (Collarbones) They provide: • attachment points for numerous muscles 2. act as braces to hold the scapulae and arms out laterally away from the body

  26. The Upper Limb • The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm and hand. • Thirty-seven bones form the skeletal framework of each upper limb.

  27. Arm • The humerus is the sole bone of the arm • It articulates with the scapula at the shoulder, and the radius and ulna at the elbow

  28. Forearm The bones of the forearm are the • Radius • Ulna

  29. Ulna • The ulna lies medially in the forearm and is slightly longer than the radius • Forms the major portion of the elbow joint with the humerus

  30. Hand • The wrist contains 8 bones • The palm contains 5 bones •  Each hand contains 14 miniature long bones called phalanges.

  31. Pelvic Girdle (Hip) Transmits weight of the upper body to the lower limbs The hip is formed by a pair of hip bones and together with the sacrum and the coccyx, these bones form the bony pelvis Figure 7.27a

  32. Femur • The sole bone of the thigh • Largest and strongest bone in the body Figure 7.28b

  33. Tibia • Receives the weight of the body from the femur and transmits it to the foot Fibula Sticklike bone that does not bear weight

  34. Calcaneus • Forms the heel of the foot • Point of attachment for the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon of the calf muscles

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