Functions of bones

1. Functions of bones • Support • Protection • Movement • Blood cell formation • Storage

2. Support • Strong • Rigid

3. Protection • Surround organ • Protect against damage

4. Movement • Attach to bones • Provide levers

5. Blood Cell Formation • All blood cells formed in the bones • Red marrow (hematoposiesis)

6. Storage • Calcium • Phosphate

7. Bone Tissues • Bone (osseous tissue) • Dense connective tissue • Cartilage • Blood forming tissue • Nervous tissue

8. Types of Bones • Bones can be divided into four classes • Flat bones • Long bones • Short bones • Irregular bones

9. Flat Bones • Thin and flat • Cranium • Ribs • Sternum

10. Short Bones • About equal in length and width • Wrist bones • Ankle bones

11. Long Bones • Greater in length than width • Absorb stress from body weight • Thighs • Legs • Arms • Forearms

12. Irregular bones • Complex shapes • Vertebrae • Facial bones

13. Skeleton • Divided into two parts • Axial • Appendicular

14. Axial Skeleton • Skull • Vertebral column • Bony thorax (thoracic cage)

15. Skull • Cranium • Facial bones

17. Fetal Skull • Newborn infant skull isn’t complete • Not all the hyaline cartilage has yet ossified • Cartilage meets at fontanels

18. Vertebral Column • Divided into three regions • Cervical • Thoracic • Lumbar Sacrum Coccyx

19. Fetal Vertebral Column • Originally a convex curve • As baby learns to lift it’s head, the cervical curve develops • As baby learns to walk, Lumbar curve develops

20. Bony Thorax • Consists of the ribs, sternum and thoracic vertebrae • Provides a bony, protective cage around the organs of the thoracic cavity • Heart, Lungs and major blood vessels

21. Appendicular Skeleton • Pelvic Girdle • Lower Limbs • Pectoral Girdles • Clavicles • Scapulae • Upper limbs

22. Pelvic Girdle • Strong frame • Supports lower limbs

23. Pelvis • Two coxial bones • Sacrum • Three separate bones in the fetus • The three join anteriorly

24. Female and Male Pelvis are Different

25. Pelvic Girdle Differences

26. Bone Growth I Bone begins as a model of hyaline cartilage in an embryo

27. Bone Growth II • A collar forms around the midsection

28. Bone Growth III • Primary ossification center as cartilage is replaced by spongy bone

29. Bone Growth IV • Spongy bone expands as more blood vessels penetrate

30. Bone Growth V • Central cavity is formed and secondary ossification centers develop

31. Bone Growth VI • Ossification continues until spongy bone fills epiphyses and compact bone surrounds the entire structure

33. Bone Growth VII • Hyaline cartilage remains in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages

34. Diaphysis • Shaft of the bone • Most of the bones length • Dense bone • Covered by fibrous connective tissue (periosteum)

35. Epiphyses • Ends of long bones • Thin layer of compact bone surrounding spongy bone • Covered by Articular Cartilage • hyaline cartilage • Slippery and smooth

36. Periosteum • Dense, connective tissue firmly attached to bone • Covers everything except the articular cartilage • Large supply of blood vessels

37. Joints or Articulations • There are three groups of joints or articulations binding bones together in the body • They are classified by the amount of movement they allow and the materials forming the joining

38. Fibrous Joints • Consist of fibrous (dense) tissue between articulating bone • Little or no movement allowed • Sutures in the skull

39. Cartilaginous Joints • Binds bones together with cartilage • Allows little or no movement • Shock absorbers • Symphysis Pubis • Intervertebral disks

40. Synovial Joints • There are five types of freely moving or Synovial joints in the human body • Hinge • Ball and Socket • Pivot • Saddle • Gliding

41. Synovial Joint • Permit the greatest freedom of movement • Synovial fluid between bones • Enclosed in the Articular Capsule • The outside layer is the tough fibrous capsule

42. Hinge Joint • Allows movement in only one plane • Convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another • Knee • phalanges

43. Ball and Socket • Maximum allowable movement • Ball-shaped process of one bone fits into the cup-shaped socket of another • Hip joint • Shoulder joint

44. Pivot Joint • Allows rotation around a central axis • Cylindrical surface of one bone rotates in the ring of another • Vertebral column • elbow

45. Saddle Joint • Allows back and forth, side to side and some pivoting • Convex surface of one bone fits concave surface of complimentary bone • Trapezium and metacarpal of the thumb

46. Gliding Joint • Permit a sliding movement • Surfaces are nearly flat • Clavicle and sternum • Some wrist and ankle bones

47. Types of Bone Fracture • There are seven types of fracture • Greenstick • Simple • Compound • Spiral • Comminuted • Impacted • depressed

48. Greenstick Fractures • Also called an incomplete fracture • Break does not extend all the way through the bone • Common in children. Their bones are more flexible

49. Simple Fracture • No tear in the skin • Break extends all the way through the bone

50. Compound Fracture • Broken end of the bone tears skin from the inside • Bone may break into several fragments