Usefulness of Explanations

1. Usefulness of Explanations • Inclusive provide reasonable explanation for all behavior • Verifiable scientifically tested • Predictive utility predict likelihood of peoples’ behavior occurring under certain circumstances • Parsimonious least complicated explanation that accounts for peoples’ behaviors

2. Biophysical Explanations • Technologies have been developed for preventing some problems such as PKU. • Some biophysical explanations are testable such as Down syndrome. • Mistake in logic—affirming the consequent—to explain biophysical connection to behavior. • Biophysical explanations have little instructional and management utility.

3. Psychodynamic Model • Intrapsychic components • Psychosexual stages of development • Ego defense mechanisms

4. Intrapsychic Components • Id: Biological component • Ego: Cognitive component • Superego: Social conscious component

5. Psychosexual Stages of Development • Oral Stage • Anal Stage • Phallic Stage • Latency Stage • Genital Stage

6. Respondent Conditioning First-Order Conditioning Second-Order Conditioning

7. Interventions Based on Respondent Conditioning • Systematic Desensitization • Aversion Therapy • Covert Sensitization

8. Operant Conditioning • Operant conditioning deals with learned behaviors. • Skinner box. • Sometimes called instrumental conditioning since the organism’s behavior is instrument in its receiving reinforcement.

9. Social Learning Theory • Children learn behaviors by observing others. • Behaviors under control of cognitive factors—specifically expectations. • Efficacy and outcome expectations. • Vicarious reinforcement and punishment.

10. Ecological/Sociological Model

11. Basic Tenents • Adaptation • Assimilation • Expulsion • Succession

12. Alien Niches • Deviant categories provide society with place individuals can function without disturbing mainstream of society. • Labels of forgiveness • Labels of damnation All labels are not created equally.