Section 1 The Cardiovascular System

1. Section1 The Cardiovascular System Chapter 23 Objectives • Listfour main parts of the cardiovascular system, and describe their functions. • Describe the two types of circulation of blood in the body. • List four cardiovascular problems.

2. Section1 The Cardiovascular System Chapter 23 Your Cardiovascular System • The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and the three types of blood vessels that carry blood throughout your body. • The blood vessels—arteries, capillaries, and veins—carry blood pumped by the heart.

3. Section1 The Cardiovascular System Chapter 23 The Heart • Cardiac Muscle Your heart is an organ made mostly of cardiac muscle tissue. It is about the size of your fist and is almost in the center of your chest cavity.

4. Section1 The Cardiovascular System Chapter 23

5. Section1 The Cardiovascular System Chapter 23 Blood Vessels • Arteriesare blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart and to the body’s organs. • Capillariesare tiny blood vessels that allow the exchange between body cells and blood.

6. Section1 The Cardiovascular System Chapter 23 Blood Vessels, continued • Veinsare blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.

7. Section1 The Cardiovascular System Chapter 23 Two Types of Circulation • Pulmonary circulation is the flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart through the pulmonary arteries, capillaries, and veins. • Systemic circulation is the flow of blood from the heart to all parts of the body and back to the heart.

8. Chapter 23 Section1 The Cardiovascular System

9. Section1 The Cardiovascular System Chapter 23 Cardiovascular Problems • Atherosclerosis happens when cholesterol builds up inside of the blood vessels. Artherosclerosis is a major cause of heart diseases.

10. Section1 The Cardiovascular System Chapter 23 Cardiovascular Problems, continued • High Blood PressureHypertension is abnormally high blood pressure. The higher the blood pressure, the greater the risk of a heart attack, heart failure, kidney disease, and stroke. • Heart Attacks and Heart FailureA heart attack happens when heart muscle cells die and part of the heart muscle is damaged. Heart failure happens when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs.

11. Chapter 23 Section2 Blood Objectives • Identify the four main components of blood. • Describe three functions of blood. • Explain how blood pressure is measured. • Explainwhat the ABO blood types are and why they are important.

12. Chapter 23 Section2 Blood What Is Blood? • Bloodis a connective tissue that carries gases, nutrients, and wastes through the body. • Plasmais the fluid part of blood. It is a mixture of water, minerals, nutrients, sugars, proteins, and other substances. • RedBlood CellsMost blood cells are red blood cells (RBCs). RBCs take oxygen to every cell in your body.

13. Chapter 23 Section2 Blood What Is Blood?, continued • Plateletsare pieces of larger cells found in bone marrow. When you cut yourself, platelets help blood clot.

14. Chapter 23 Section2 Blood What Is Blood?, continued • White Blood Cells (WBCs)help keep you healthy by destroying pathogens. WBCs also help clean wounds. • WBCs also keep you healthy by destroying body cells that have died or been damaged.

15. Chapter 23 Section2 Blood Body Temperature Regulation • Your blood does more than supply your cells with oxygen and nutrients. It also helps regulate your body temperature. Blood Pressure • The force exerted by blood on the inside walls of arteries is called blood pressure.

16. Chapter 23 Section2 Blood Blood Types • Every person has one of four blood types: A, B, AB, or O. Your blood type refers to the type of antigens you have on the surface of your RBCs.

17. Chapter 23 Section2 Blood Blood Types and Transfusions • A transfusion is the injection of blood or blood components into a person to replace blood that has been lost. Blood type is an important consideration of a blood transfusion.

18. Chapter 23 Section3 The Lymphatic System Objectives • Describe the relationship between the lymphatic system and the circulatory system. • Identify six parts of the lymphatic system, and describe their functions.

19. Chapter 23 Section3 The Lymphatic System Vessels of the Lymphatic System • Thelymphatic systemis the group of organs and tissues that collect excess fluid and return it to your blood.

20. Chapter 23 Section3 The Lymphatic System Vessels of the Lymphatic System, continued • The smallest vessels of the lymphatic system are lymph capillaries. The fluid and particles absorbed into lymph capillaries are called lymph.

21. Chapter 23 Section3 The Lymphatic System Other Parts of the Lymphatic System • Bone Marrow is the soft tissue inside of bones. Bone marrow is where most red and white blood cells, including lymphocytes, are produced. • Lymph Nodesare small, bean-shaped masses of tissue that remove pathogens and dead cells from the lymph.

22. Chapter 23 Section3 The Lymphatic System Other Parts of the Lymphatic System, continued • Thethymusis the gland that produces T cells that are ready to fight infection. • Your spleen is the largest lymphatic organ. The spleen stores and produces lymphocytes.

23. Chapter 23 Section3 The Lymphatic System Other Parts of the Lymphatic System, continued • Tonsilsare lymphatic tissue in the nasal cavity and at the back of the mouth on either side of the tongue. Tonsils help defend the body against infection.

24. Chapter 23 Section4 The Respiratory System Objectives • Describe the parts of the respiratory system and their functions. • Explain how breathing happens. • Discuss the relationship between the respiratory system and the cardiovascular system. • Identify two respiratory disorders.

25. Chapter 23 Section4 The Respiratory System Respiration and the Respiratory System • Respirationis the process by which a body gets and uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide and water. Breathingis only one part of respiration. • The second part of respiration is cellular respiration, which involves chemical reactions that release energy from food. • The respiratory system is the group of organs that take in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide.

26. Chapter 23 Section4 The Respiratory System Respiration and the Respiratory System, continued • Nose, Pharynx, and Larynx Your nose is the main passageway into and out of the respiratory system. From the nose, air flows into the pharynx, or throat. The larynx is the part of the throat that contains the vocal chords.

27. Chapter 23 Section4 The Respiratory System Respiration and the Respiratory System, continued • Trachea The larynx guards the entrance to a large tube called the trachea, or windpipe. • Bronchi and Alveoli The trachea splits into two branches called bronchi. One bronchus connects to each lung. In the lungs, each bronchus branches into bronchioles, which branch to form thousands of tiny sacs that are called alveoli.

28. Chapter 23 Section4 The Respiratory System Respiration and the Respiratory System, continued

29. Chapter 23 Section4 The Respiratory System Breathing • Breathing is done by the diaphragm and rib muscles. The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle beneath the lungs. Breathing and Cellular Respiration • In cellular respiration, oxygen is used by cells to release energy stored in molecules of glucose. When you breathe, you take in oxygen, which diffuses into red blood cells and is carried to tissue cells.

30. Chapter 23 Chapter 5 Section3 The Respiratory System

31. Chapter 23 Section4 The Respiratory System Respiratory Disorders • Respiratory disorders include asthma, emphysema, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). • Asthma causes the bronchioles to narrow. An asthma attack may be triggered by irritants such as dust or pollen. • SARS is caused by a virus.

32. Chapter 23 Circulation and Respiration Concept Map Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide.

33. Chapter 23 Circulation and Respiration

34. Chapter 23 Circulation and Respiration

35. Chapter 23 Circulation and Respiration CNN Videos • Science, Technology, and Society: Breakthrough Bandage • Science, Technology, and Society: Modern Acupuncture

36. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 23 Reading Read each of the passages. Then, answer the questions that follow each passage.

37. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 23 Passage 1For some reason, about one in five people sneeze when they step from a dimly lit area into a brightly lit area. In fact, some may sneeze a dozen times or more! Fortunately, the sneezing usually stops relatively quickly. This sneeze reaction is called a photic sneeze reflex (FOHT ik SNEEZ REE FLEKS). No one knows for certain why it happens. Continued on the next slide

38. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 23 Passage 1, continuedA few years ago, some geneticists studied the photic sneeze reflex. They named it the ACHOO syndrome. Scientists know that the ACHOO syndrome runs in families. So, the photic sneeze may be hereditary and can be passed from parent to child. Sometimes, even the number of times in a row that each person sneezes is the same throughout a family.

39. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 23 1. According to the passage, the ACHOO syndrome is most likely to be which of the following? Acontagious B photosynthetic Chereditary Dallergic

40. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 23 1. According to the passage, the ACHOO syndrome is most likely to be which of the following? Acontagious B photosynthetic Chereditary Dallergic

41. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 23 2. In the passage, what does photic mean? Fhaving to do with sneezing Ghaving to do with plants Hhaving to do with genetics Ihaving to do with light

42. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 23 2. In the passage, what does photic mean? Fhaving to do with sneezing Ghaving to do with plants Hhaving to do with genetics Ihaving to do with light

43. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 23 3. Which of the following statements is one clue that the photic sneeze reflex can be passed from parent to child? AThe reflex is triggered by bright light. B Sneezing usually stops after a few sneezes. CFamily members even sneeze the same number of times. DScientists do not know what causes the ACHOO syndrome.

44. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 23 3. Which of the following statements is one clue that the photic sneeze reflex can be passed from parent to child? AThe reflex is triggered by bright light. B Sneezing usually stops after a few sneezes. CFamily members even sneeze the same number of times. DScientists do not know what causes the ACHOO syndrome.

45. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 23 Passage 2The two main functions of blood are transporting nutrients and oxygen from the lungs to cells and carrying carbon dioxide and other waste materials away from cells to the lungs or other organs. Blood also transfers body heat to the body surface and plays a role in defending the body against disease. Continued on the next slide

46. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 23 Passage 2, continuedThe respiratory system transports gases to and from blood. The respiratory system and blood work together to carry out external respiration and internal respiration. External respiration is the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and blood. Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between blood and the cells of the body.

47. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 23 1. In the passage, what does external respiration mean? Athe exchange of gases outdoors Bthe inhalation of gases as you breathe in Cthe exchange of gases between blood and the atmosphere Dthe exhalation of gases as you breathe out

48. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 23 1. In the passage, what does external respiration mean? Athe exchange of gases outdoors Bthe inhalation of gases as you breathe in Cthe exchange of gases between blood and the atmosphere Dthe exhalation of gases as you breathe out

49. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 23 2. Which of the following statements is a fact in the passage? FThe respiratory system transports oxygen to all the cells of the body. GThe respiratory system is part of the circulatory system. HBlood is a kind of cardiac tissue. I Blood transports oxygen to cells.

50. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter 23 2. Which of the following statements is a fact in the passage? FThe respiratory system transports oxygen to all the cells of the body. GThe respiratory system is part of the circulatory system. HBlood is a kind of cardiac tissue. I Blood transports oxygen to cells.