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Morphology, Part 3

Morphology, Part 3. HU2910 Fall 2009. WPF 18) Borrowing. (from foreign languages; sounds often nativized to English pronunciation rules) rouge, hors d’oeuvres tornado, taco vodka dandelion (from Fr. dents de lion ). Borrowing: whence & when?. Celts (~2500 BCE)

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Morphology, Part 3

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  1. Morphology, Part 3 HU2910 Fall 2009

  2. WPF 18) Borrowing (from foreign languages; sounds often nativized to English pronunciation rules) rouge, hors d’oeuvres tornado, taco vodka dandelion (from Fr. dents de lion)

  3. Borrowing: whence & when? Celts (~2500 BCE) Romans (~50-450 CE) Anglo-Saxons (449+) Norsemen (700-900) Normans [French] (1066…) Latin & Greek [Renaissance] (1500+) Colonial borrowings (1600+)

  4. 1000 Most Common English Words 61.7% had Old English origins (Anglo-Saxon-Northern Germanic) 30.9% French 2.9 % Latin 1.7% Scandinavian 1.3% mixed 0.3% Low German and Dutch

  5. Borrowed into English • French: art, beauty, butcher, captain, carpenter, cartoon, cattle, charity, chivalry, color, county, design, dress, fork, govern, lingerie, navy, painter, passion, reign, saint, soldier, table, troops

  6. Borrowed into English • French: art, beauty, butcher, captain, carpenter, cartoon, cattle, charity, chivalry, color, county, design, dress, fork, govern, lingerie, navy, painter, passion, reign, saint, soldier, table, troops • Latin: affidavit, animal, clerk, coaxial, diet, fission, geography, logic, memorandum, neutron, penicillin, posse, priest, spectrum, sulfur, surgeon, veto

  7. Borrowed into English • Scandinavian: skirt, sky, egg, gate, them, their, they, thing, billow, by-law, clumsy, doze, fiord, law, nag, outlaw, ski

  8. Borrowed into English • Scandinavian: skirt, sky, egg, gate, them, their, they, thing, billow, by-law, clumsy, doze, fiord, law, nag, outlaw, ski • Greek: adenoids, botany, catastrophe, comedy, dialogue, drama, episode, osteopathy, pediatrics, physiology, psychiatry, scene, telegraph, theater

  9. Spanish: adobe, alfalfa, burro, bronco, cafeteria, canyon, cargo, cockroach, coyote, cigar, guerilla, mosquito, renegade, rodeo, tornado, tuna, vanilla

  10. Spanish: adobe, alfalfa, burro, bronco, cafeteria, canyon, cargo, cockroach, coyote, cigar, guerilla, mosquito, renegade, rodeo, tornado, tuna, vanilla • Italian: attitude, balcony, fiasco, isolate, motto, opera, piano, soprano, studio, tempo, umbrella

  11. Arabic: • Chinese • Indian (subcontinent) languages:

  12. Arabic: alcohol, algebra, algorithm, gazelle, giraffe, harem, lute, mosque, sultan • Chinese: tea, mandarin, serge, kowtow • Indian (subcontinent) languages: khaki, bandanna, bungalow, calico, curry, indigo, jungle, loot, pajama, sandal

  13. Native American languages: • Yiddish:

  14. Native American languages: hickory, pecan, squash, chipmunk, skunk, caucus, totem, mackinaw, tomahawk, igloo, kayak, podunk • Yiddish: chutzpa, klutz, oy vey, schlep, schmuck

  15. Borrowed into English (later) • Dutch: • German:

  16. Borrowed into English (later) • Dutch: bow, buoy, commodore, cruise, curl, dock, freight, hops, keel, leak, lighter, pump, scour, stripe • German: hum, loafer, noodle, ouch, poke, delicatessen, frankfurter, pretzel, kindergarten, wunderkind, schadefreude, gesundheit

  17. Anglo-Saxon & French doublets Animal Food Cow Sheep Pig Chicken Deer

  18. Anglo-Saxon & French doublets Animal Food Cow (< boeuf) Sheep (< mouton) Pig (< porc) Chicken (< poulet) Deer (< veneson)

  19. Borrowed into Japanese AnimalFood ushi ‘cow’ gyu-niku ‘beef’ (Japanese) (from Chinese)

  20. Borrowed into Japanese AnimalFood ushi ‘cow’ gyu-niku ‘beef’ (Japanese) (from Chinese) But also: gohan ‘rice’ ___?___ (in a bowl, w/ chopsticks)

  21. Borrowed into Japanese AnimalFood ushi ‘cow’ gyu-niku ‘beef’ (Japanese) (from Chinese) But also: gohan ‘rice’ raisu ‘rice’ (in a bowl, w/ (on a plate, w/ a spoon) chopsticks)

  22. Nativization (from foreign languages; sounds often made to fit English sound rules) Japanese: karaoke original Japanese: [ka‰aok´] either: [k˙´®ioki] [k˙\®oki]

  23. Nativization (from foreign languages; sounds often made to fit English sound rules) Japanese: karate [ka‰at´] (note lack of aspiration) American English: [k˙\®a‰i]

  24. Japanese phonotactics: CVCV (+n) Waado purosesaa > waa puro Jiinzu pantsu > jii pan Purofesho-naru resuringu > _______ Sekusharu harasumento > ________ ___________________ > Rimo kon

  25. Morphological reshaping Dropping English inflections • Kondensu miruku • Sumo-ku sa-mon • San garasu • Pajama • Furai pan • Superu

  26. Morphological reshaping Adding Japanese endings • Panic: paniku-ru • Sabotage: sabo-ru • Demonstration: demo-ru • Escalate: esukare-to <suru> • Fry: furai <suru> • Come-back kamubakku <suru> • Now: nau-i • Chic: shikku-na

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