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Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive Cloning. the benefits of embryonic cloning. What is reproductive cloning?. Cloning is the splitting of gametes into daughter cells consisting of the exact same genes.

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Reproductive Cloning

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  1. Reproductive Cloning the benefits of embryonic cloning

  2. What is reproductive cloning? • Cloning is the splitting of gametes into daughter cells consisting of the exact same genes. • Essentially, a population of almost identical individuals is created from a single set of genes from a single organism. • Favourable traits become common throughout a population • Mutation is lessened due to the inactivity of natural selection

  3. The Short History of Cloning • The concept of cloning was demonstrated in 1952, using tadpoles • The first instance of mammalian cloning was successfully carried out in 1997, resulting in the birth of Dolly, a sheep

  4. Methods of Cloning • In order to clone, three methods are currently known • The simplest method is artificial embryo twinning. This method replicates the natural process in which identical twins are formed • Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT for short) is a method in which a genetic replica of a living adult is formed using somatic cells • These methods have a fairly low success rate; Dolly was the only embryo to continually grow and mature into a fetus out of 227 experimental embryos

  5. Artificial Embryo Twinning • Artificial embryo twinning or splitting is a relatively cheap form of cloning • It mimics the natural splitting of eggs, which results in identical twins, triplets, etc. Blastocyst is held in position by a micropipette, and bisected with a surgical blade

  6. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

  7. Therapeutic Cloning • In 2001,  Advanced Cell Technologies (ACT) in Massachusetts, announced the first successful cloning of embryos • The nuclei of embryos collected from a woman’s uterus were extracted using a needle no wider than 2/10,000th of an inch • A skin cell was inserted via nuclear transfer to act as the nucleus • Ionocymin was used to stimulate division. • Stem cells could be harvested from the egg after five days of division (blastocyst stage)

  8. Human Cloning • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and numerous groups have acted against human cloning due to ethical reasons • Cloning has a very low success rate, and the embryos that do mature may result in offspring with serious defects • Many believe that a cloned human would be dehumanized

  9. Cloning in Food Products • In 2001, the FDA conducted research regarding the safety of meat from cloned livestock • In 2008, the FDA approved cloning as a source of meat production • Due to herds sharing identical genomes, livestock of better quality is produced

  10. Controversy • Cloning is seen as unethical by many • Whether it be humans or frogs, experimental reproduction is considered unjust • Cloning of humans is illegal due to the apparent immorality in controlling human birth

  11. Conclusion • More efficient methods should be researched, and not practised with larger mammals • Embryos should be cloned for further understanding

  12. Sources • http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/biology/b103/f00/web1/tamang.html • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1476349/ • http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/cloning.shtml • http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/medical-science/genetics-molecular-medicine/related-policy-topics/stem-cell-research/human-cloning.page • http://www.humancloning.org/benefits.php • http://es.houstonisd.org/riveroakses/exhibition09/cloning_files/page0011.htm • <http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/SafetyHealth/AnimalCloning/default.htm>

  13. Picture Sources • Dolly - http://www.roslin.ed.ac.uk/public-interest/dolly-the-sheep/a-life-of-dolly/ • AET - http://www.biolreprod.org/content/66/5/1449.full • SCNT - http://www.biotechnologyonline.gov.au/popups/img_scnt.html • Stem Cells - http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=embryos-survive-stem-cell-harvest

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