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Understanding Quantum Model: Periodic Trends & Applications

Dive into the Quantum Model of the Periodic Table to explore the trends in atomic radius, ionization energy, ions, and magnetism. Learn about diamagnetic, paramagnetic, and ferromagnetic materials as well as anomalies in electron pairing. Discover the applications of quantum mechanics in lasers and MRI technology.

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Understanding Quantum Model: Periodic Trends & Applications

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  1. Using the Quantum Model

  2. Periodic Table

  3. Periodic Trends • Atomic Radius: Increases down a group and decreases across a period • Ionization Energy (energy required to remove an electron from the atom): Decreases down a group and increases across a period

  4. Ions • Cations: lose electrons, electron configuration of the cation is the noble gas core General group 1: [NG]ns1 [NG]+ +1e- • Anions: gain electrons, electron configuration of anion is the following noble gas on the periodic table General group 17: [NG] ns2np5 +1e- [NG] ns2np6 Become isoelectric to the noble gas (same number of electrons)

  5. Magnetism: classified by strongest magnetic property • Diamagnetic: weak interaction with a magnetic field, material is slightly repelled by magnetic field • All material has diamagnetic properties • Paramagnetic: material is attracted into the magnetic field, single electron in an orbital (unpaired electron) • Ferromagnetic: material is attracted to a magnet or form magnetic material. Higher number of unpaired electrons.

  6. Anomelies • Pairing raises the energy slightly, a half filled subshell and a full filled subshell lower the energy (gaining some stability) Possibilities: • Will half fill both s and dorbitals (Cr, Mo, W) • Will half fill s orbital and fill d orbital (Cu, Ag, Au) • Will fill d orbital and have empty s orbital (Pd)

  7. Applications of Quantum Mechanics

  8. Lasers • Uses Planks theory: excite electrons and when they relax back to ground state the photon released produces light

  9. MRI’s • Magnetic resonance imaging: uses nuclear magnetic resonance principles • Aligns the spins to one direction in the body using a large magnet, followed by a pulse to alter the alignment • Nuclei produce a magnetic field which is detected to create an image when they relax

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