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The Cardiovascular System

The Cardiovascular System. Chapter 12 Human Anatomy & Physiology. Standard 34.

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The Cardiovascular System

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  1. The Cardiovascular System Chapter 12 Human Anatomy & Physiology

  2. Standard 34 • Outline the structure and functions of the anatomy of the cardiovascular system, paying special attention to the musculature of the walls, the chambers, and the valves of the heart and blood vessels. Locate and demonstrate the circulation of blood through the heart; describe the phases and importance of the cardiac cycle and how heart rate and cardiac output relate to one another. Listen to heart sounds, either digitally or with a stethoscope, to identify the normal and abnormal sounds made during the cardiac cycle. Explain the causes for abnormal sounds encountered.

  3. Objectives • Describe the anatomy of the heart.

  4. I. Overview of the Cardiovascular System • The circulatory system can be thought of as the transport system of the body. • A closed system consisting of the heart,blood vessels, and blood • The heart pumps blood • Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body • Function: Deliver oxygen & nutrient-rich blood to body cells and remove carbon dioxide and waste

  5. A. Overview of the Heart • The heart is located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs slightly to the left • A hollow, cone-shaped muscle about the size of a fist • Made up of cardiac muscle • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X9ZZ6tcxArI • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DAXa4eR1s0M

  6. II. Anatomy of the Heart 1. Coverings: • Pericardium – a double serous membrane • Visceral pericardium (epicardium) • Next to heart • Parietal pericardium • Outside layer • Serous fluid fills the space between the layers of pericardium

  7. 2. Heart Walls: • Three layers a. Epicardium • Outside layer • This layer is the visceral pericardium b. Myocardium • Middle and thickest layer • Mostly cardiac muscle c. Endocardium • Inner layer • Made up of simple squamous epithelium

  8. 3. Chambers • The heart has 4 chambers • Left & right atria – receive blood • Left & right ventricles -pump blood out • Chambers are separated by a septum

  9. 4. Heart Valves • Valves are flaps of connective tissue between the atria and ventricles • Moves the blood through the heart in one direction • Valves open as blood is pumped through • Held in place by chordae tendineae (“heart strings”) • Valves are closed to prevent backflow

  10. Four valves a. Atrioventricular valves – between atria and ventricles • left atrium  bicuspid valve (mitral valve)  left ventricle • right atria  tricuspid valve  right ventricle b. Semilunar valves - between ventricle and artery • right ventricle  pulmonary semilunar valve  pulmonary ARTERY • left ventricle  aortic valve  aorta

  11. 5. Major Vessels • Aorta – largest artery • Carries blood from left ventricle towards body • Pulmonary arteries • Carries Oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle to lungs • Vena cava • Superior and inferior • Receives blood from the upper & lower body • Pulmonary veins (4) • Carries Oxygen-rich blood from lungs to the left atrium

  12. 5. Major Vessels Con’t • Coronary arteries - supply the heart muscle with oxygen rich blood • Coronary sinus - collection of veins; drains less oxygenated blood from heart muscle to the right atrium

  13. IV. Anatomy of Blood Vessels • Blood Vessels are tubes that transport blood A. Function: • Transport blood • Carry out the exchange of gases and waste • Regulate blood pressure • Direct blood flow

  14. B. Types of Blood Vessels 1. Arteries • Blood vessels which carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the body. • The aorta is the largest artery in our body • Thick walls

  15. 2.Capillaries • Small blood vessels which connect arteries and veins together • Where exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste occur • One cell layer thick

  16. 3. Veins • Blood vessels which carry oxygen-poor blood from the body back to the heart. • Thin walls • Valves

  17. Bell Work • Which side of the heart carries oxygenated blood? Deoxygenated?

  18. Objectives • Trace the flow of the blood through the heart.

  19. The Heartbeat • Heart Surgery • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tRFMEeQCkpA • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gnv54V8Jj1U

  20. Circulation of Blood in the Body • Movement of Blood Through Vessels • Most arterial blood is pumped by the heart • Veins use the milking action of muscles to help move the blood

  21. Circulation of Blood in the Body B. The goal is to • Send oxygen-poor blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen and then • To pump oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body cells

  22. B. Three circulation pathways • Pulmonary circulation • From heart to lungs • Systemic circulation • From heart to body • Coronary circulation • From heart to heart muscle

  23. Blood flow through heart https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H04d3rJCLCE

  24. Blood Flow Through The Heart Deoxygenated Blood From The Body  Superior and Inferior Vena Cava  Right Atrium  Tricuspid Valve  R Ventricle  Pulmonic Valve  Pulmonary Arteries  Lungs (Oxygenation Occurs)  Pulmonary Veins  Left Atrium  bicuspid (mitral) valve  left ventricle  Aortic Valve  Aorta  Body

  25. Superior Vena Cava Inferior Vena Cava Pulmonary Arteries <- To Lungs To Lungs -> Pulmonic Valve Right Atrium Tricuspid Valve Right Ventricle

  26. Superior Vena Cava Inferior Vena Cava Aorta Pulmonary Arteries <- To Lungs To Lungs -> Aortic Valve Left Atrium Pulmonary Veins Pulmonary Veins Pulmonic Valve Mitral Valve Right Atrium Tricuspid Valve Left Ventricle Right Ventricle

  27. Bell Work

  28. Objectives • Explain the Cardiac Conduction System.

  29. A Cardiac Cycle • One cycle • atria contract / ventricles relax • ventricles contract / atria relax • Systole - contraction phase • Diastole - relaxation phase

  30. Cardiac Cycle • Stroke volume is the volume of blood ejected from one ventricle with each beat​ • Cardiac output is amount of blood that one ventricle can pump each minute—average is about 5 L per minute at rest

  31. The Conduction System of the Heart https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fZT9vlbL2uA

  32. Electrical Impulses Through the Heart • SA (sinoatrial) node, the pacemaker—located in the wall of the right atrium near the opening of the superior vena cava​ • AV (atrioventricular) node—located in the right atrium along the lower part of the interatrial septum​ • AV bundle (bundle of His)—located in the septum of the ventricle​ • Purkinje fibers—located in the walls of the ventricles 

  33. Measuring the Cardiac Cycle • Electrocardiograms (EKG or ECG) are used to measure the electrical rhythm of the heart’s contraction

  34. Conduction System of the Heart • The normal ECG has three deflections or waves called the P wave, the QRS complex, and the T wave​ • P wave—associated with depolarization of the atria​ • QRS complex—associated with depolarization of the ventricles​ • T wave—associated with repolarization of the ventricles

  35. Conduction System of the Heart • Cardiac dysrhythmia—abnormality of heart rhythm​ • Heart block—conduction of impulses is blocked​ • Complete heart block—impaired AV node conduction, producing complete dissociation of P waves from QRS complexes​ • Can be treated by implanting an artificial pacemaker

  36. Pacemaker • Used to maintain a consistent heart rate when the body’s natural pacemaker (SA node) is not properly functioning

  37. Conduction System of the Heart • Bradycardia—slow heart rate (under 60 beats/min)​ • Tachycardia—rapid heart rate (over 100 beats/min)​ • Sinus dysrhythmia—variation in heart rate Fibrillation—condition in which cardiac muscle fibers are “out of step,” producing no effective pumping action https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/atrial-fibrillation/video/atrial-fibrillation

  38. Heart Failure • Heart failure—inability to pump enough returned blood to sustain life; it can be caused by many different heart diseases​ • Right-sided heart failure—failure of the right side of the heart to pump blood, usually because the left side of the heart is not pumping effectively

  39. Heart Failure • Left-sided heart failure (congestive heart failure)—inability of the left ventricle to pump effectively, resulting in congestion of the systemic and pulmonary circulations​ • Diseased hearts can be replaced by donated living hearts (transplants) or by artificial hearts (implants), although both procedures have yet to be perfected

  40. Bell Work • What does each of the following represent? P Wave QRS Complex T Wave

  41. Objectives • Discuss characteristics and treatment of common cardiac and circulatory abnormalities.

  42. Abnormalities 1. Arteriosclerosis • blockage of the arterial walls due to the build up of cholesterol • Leads to hypertension, heart attack, & stroke

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