Learning Objectives: Section 3 - The New Deal Affects Many Groups

1. Standard Addressed: 11.6 Students analyze the different explanations for the Great Depression and how the New Deal fundamentally changed the role of the federal government. Learning Objectives: Section 3 - The New Deal Affects Many Groups 1. Analyze the effects of the New Deal programs on women. 2. Describe Roosevelt’s attitude toward African Americans. 3. Identify the groups that formed the New Deal coalition.

2. A BULLDOG ALWAYS Commitment Attitude CARES Respect Encouragement Safety

3. Section 3 The New Deal Affects Many Groups New Deal policies and actions affect various social and ethnic groups. NEXT

4. THE NEW DEAL AMERICA GETS BACK TO WORK

5. SECTION 3 The New Deal Affects Many Groups The New Deal Brings New Opportunities Women Make their Mark • Frances Perkins, secretary of labor, is first female cabinet member • FDR also appoints 2 women as diplomats, 1 as federal judge • Women still face discrimination in workplace from male workers • NRA sets some lower minimum wages for women • Federal work programs hire far fewer women than men • Only slight increase in overall % of women working for wages NEXT

6. NEW DEAL AFFECTS MANY GROUPS • First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt helped women gain higher political positions during the New Deal • Eleanor was influential in her role as advisor to the president • Frances Perkins became America’s first female cabinet member (Labor) Eleanor & Franklin

7. Guided Reading Women • GAINS: • Women appointed to important federal positions; • slight increase in the number of women working outside the home • PROBLEMS: • Discrimination in the workplace; • discriminatory wages & hiring practices • Appointees: Frances Perkins

8. SECTION 3 African-American Activism • African Americans Take Leadership Roles • FDR appoints more than 100 African Americans to government • - Mrs. Roosevelt plays key role • Educator Mary McLeod Bethuneheads Division of Negro Affairs of NYA • Helps organize “Black Cabinet” of African-American advisers • Daughters of American Revolution refuse Marian Anderson concert • Mrs. Roosevelt resigns; arranges for Lincoln Memorial concert Continued . . . NEXT

9. AFRICAN AMERICANS DURING THE NEW DEAL • The 1930s witnessed a growth of activism for black Americans • A. Philip Randolph became head of the nation’s first all-black union – the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

10. Daughters of American Revolution refuse Marian Anderson concert • Mrs. Roosevelt resigns; arranges for Lincoln Memorial concert

11. AFRICAN AMERICANS GAIN POLITICAL POSITIONS FDR appointed over 100 African Americans to positions within the government • Mary McLeod Bethune headed the division of Negro Affairs of the NYA • Despite these gains, FDR was never fully committed to Civil Rights Bethune

12. SECTION 3 continuedAfrican-American Activism • The President Fails to Support Civil Rights • FDR afraid of upsetting white Southern Democratic voters • Refuses to approve antilynching law, end to poll tax • New Deal agencies discriminate against African Americans • - pay them lower wages, favor whites • African Americans help organize Southern Tenant Farmers Union • Generally support Roosevelt administration, New Deal NEXT

13. FDR REFUSES TO ENDORSE ANTI-LYNCHING LAW

14. Guided Reading African Americans • GAINS: • increased political voice through greater access to the president; • organizations created for tenant farmers • PROBLEMS: • Segregation; • racial violence; • racism; • discrimination in all areas of life; • poll taxes • Appointees: • Mary McLead Bethume; • William H. Haster; • Robert C. Wagner

15. SECTION 3 Mexican-American Fortunes • Mexican Americans Under FDR • Mexican Americans generally support New Deal • Many come to U.S. in 1920s, settle mainly in Southwest • - work on farms • CCC, WPA help some Mexican Americans • Disqualify migrant workers with no permanent address NEXT

19. SECTION 3 Native Americans Gain Support Native Americans and the New Deal • 1924, Native Americans receive full citizenship • John Collier, commissioner of Indian affairs, changes policies • Indian Reorganization Act favors native autonomy, mandates changes: - lands belong to entire tribe; government can’t sell unclaimed areas - children can attend schools on reservations - tribes elect tribal councils to govern reservations NEXT

20. Native Americans & the New Deal

21. Native Americans and the New Deal • 1924, Native Americans receive full citizenship • John Collier, commissioner of Indian affairs, changes policies • Indian Reorganization Act favors native autonomy, mandates changes: - lands belong to entire tribe; government can’t sell unclaimed areas - children can attend schools on reservations - tribes elect tribal councils to govern reservations

22. NATIVE AMERICANS MAKE GAINS • Native Americans made advances during the 1920s & 1930s • Full citizenship granted in 1924 • The Reorganization Act of 1934 gave Natives more ownership of reservations • Policy was moving away from assimilation towards autonomy

23. Current locations of Native American reservations

24. SECTION 3 FDR Creates the New Deal Coalition The New Deal Coalition • New Deal Coalition—different groups that support Democratic Party • Labor Unions Flourish • Prolabor legislation leads unions to donate money for FDR reelection • 1933–1941, union membership grows from 3 million to over 10 million • American Federation of Labor traditionally craft unions only • Committee for Industrial Organization organizes industrial unions • Expelled by AFL, becomes Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) Continued . . . NEXT

25. IMPROVING LABOR RELATIONS • In the Second New Deal FDR helped pass the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) • This legislation protected workers, ensured collective bargaining, and preserved the right to unionize The NLRA was also called the Wagner Act

26. The New Deal Coalition • • New Deal Coalition—different groups that support Democratic Party

27. SECTION 3 continuedFDR Creates the New Deal Coalition • Labor Disputes • Sit-down strike important bargaining tactic of 1930s • - prevents owners from hiring strikebreakers • NLRB forces Republic Steel to negotiate after clash with strikers • FDR Wins in 1936 • Political organizations in large Northern cities support FDR • Urban, religious, ethnic groups also support FDR • - FDR appoints officials of urban-immigrant background NEXT

28. CONGRESS PROTECTS WORKERS • In 1938, Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act which set maximum hours at 44 per week and minimum wage at 25 cents per hour

29. Labor Unions Flourish • Pro-labor legislation leads unions to donate money for FDR reelection • 1933–1941, union membership grows from 3 million to over 10 million • American Federation of Labor traditionally craft unions only • Committee for Industrial Organization organizes industrial unions • Expelled by AFL, becomes Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

30. Guided Reading Labor Unions • GAINS: • Better working conditions; • increased bargaining power; • dramatic increased in union membership • PROBLEMS: • Strike violence; • big business opposition to labor unions • Appointees: Congress of Industrial Organization

33. Guided Reading Other Coalition Groups • New Deal labor laws and work-relief programs aided many of them; • Roosevelt made direct and persuasive appeals to them; • Roosevelt appointed many officials of urban-immigrant backgrounds • African Americans • White democrats • City dwellers • Unions

34. FDR Wins in 1936 • Political organizations in large Northern cities support FDR • Urban, religious, ethnic groups also support FDR • - FDR appoints officials of urban-immigrant background

35. FDR Wins in 1936

36. Chapter 15: Section 3 MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS A – Why was the “Black Cabinet” important to the Roosevelt administration? • It gave FDR valuable advice on racial issues and provided African Americans with a voice, for the first time at the highest levels of govt.

37. B – Evaluate the actions and policies of the Roosevelt administration on civil rights. Chapter 15: Section 3 MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS • FDR was not committed to full civil rights for African Americans. • He did not support a federal anti-lynching law and an end to poll taxes. • African Americans families benefited from work relief, but some New Deal programs discriminated against African Americans/

38. Chapter 15: Section 3 MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS C – Why was life difficult for farm laborers during the Depression? • Farm laborers were essentially unprotected by the state and federal laws.

39. Chapter 15: Section 3 MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS D – What changes occurred for Native Americans as a result of the New Deal? • The Indian reorganization Act turned Native American lands over to individual tribes, and allowed children to attend schools on the reservations and tribes to elect tribal councils to govern their reservations.

40. Chapter 15: Section 3 MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS • E – How did New Deal policies affect organized labor? • New Deal labor laws gave union’s greater power to organize and negotiate with employers. • As a result, unions grew in size and joined with other groups in New Deal coalition