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The Reformation and Wars of Religion 1527-1648

The Reformation and Wars of Religion 1527-1648. To what extent did religion affect the lives of Europeans in the fifteenth century?. Causes of the Reformation Crises in the Church (1300s-1400s) Babylonian Captivity, Great Schism, Conciliar Movement Corruption in the Church

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The Reformation and Wars of Religion 1527-1648

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  1. The Reformation and Wars of Religion 1527-1648

  2. To what extent did religion affect the lives of Europeans in the fifteenth century?

  3. Causes of the Reformation Crises in the Church (1300s-1400s) Babylonian Captivity, Great Schism, Conciliar Movement Corruption in the Church simony, pluralism, absenteeism, selling of indulgences, nepotism, moral decline of the papacy, clerical ignorance Criticism of the Church John Wycliffe (1329-1384) Jan Huss (1369-1415) The Brethren of the Common Life Renaissance Humanism Printing Press

  4. Printing Press

  5. Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) • Christian humanism- the belief that human being can use reason to improve themselves • Erasmus advocated reform within the Church, not separation • The Praise of Folly (1509) • What religious practices did Erasmus ridicule? What did he reveal about medieval Christians and the Church?

  6. Martin Luther (1483-1546) • peasant origins • study law and later theology • 1505, lightning storm? • 1507, joined the order of Augustinians • 1512, University of Wittenberg in Saxony • Pope Leo X, St. Peter’s Basilica, and Johann Tetzel • selling of indulgences

  7. Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses • October 31, 1517 • written in Latin- sent to the Archbishop of Mainz • By 1518, the Ninety-Five Theses were being distributed throughout the Germanies in the German vernacular • Pope Leo X’s reaction?

  8. Johann Eck (1486-1543) • Disputation at Leipzig, 1519 • Luther’s stance Pope Leo X (r.1513-1521) • Luther excommunicated, 1520 Johann Eck Pope Leo X

  9. Luther’s Publications • Address to the Nobility of the German Nation (1520) • The Freedom of the Christian Man (1520) • The Babylonian Captivityof the Church(1520) Luther’s assertions • salvation by faith alone (sola fide) • authority of scripture alone (sola scriptura) • priesthood of all believers • attacked the traditional sacraments • criticized the selling of indulgences and simony • encouraged German princes to reform their churches • rejected the authority of the pope

  10. Charles V (r.1519-1556) • King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor • Diet of Worms, 1521 • “Here I stand, I can do no other” • Edict of Worms • Luther declared an outlaw and heretic • Frederick III of Saxony (1463-1525) • Luther’s translation of the Bible into the German vernacular Charles V

  11. The Spread of Lutheranism

  12. The Empire of Charles V

  13. German Peasant Revolts (1524-1525) • Twelve Articles of the Peasants • Thomas Muntzer (1489-1525) • Luther’s Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasant (1524) • enormous death toll on the peasant population

  14. Peasant Revolts, 1524-1525

  15. Habsburg-Valois Wars

  16. Habsburg-Valois Wars • Spain/HRE vs. France • Schmaldkaldic League, 1531 • Protestant alliance in the Germanies • Francis I (r.1515-1547)- France • Catholic, Valois dynasty • Charles V of Spain and the HRE • Catholic, Habsburg dynasty What was the cause of the Habsburg- Valois Wars?

  17. Habsburg-Valois Wars • The Schmaldkaldic League subdued in 1547 • 1550s, Charles V abandoned his efforts to restore Catholicism throughout the Germanies • The Peace of Augsburg (1555) • cuius regio, eius religio • Lutheranism and Catholicism Religious and political conflict in the HRE kept the Germanies divided and weak.

  18. The Spread of Protestantism • Anabaptists, formed in 1525 • radical reformers • rejected any secular agreements • refused to serve in the military • rejected infant baptism • rejected the idea of the Trinity • millenarians Modern-day Mennonites, Quakers, and Unitarians are rooted in Anabaptist ideology

  19. Anabaptists

  20. The Spread of Protestantism Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) • Swiss Reformer • theocracy in Zurich • Luther and Zwingli

  21. The Spread of Protestantism John Calvin (1509-1564) • France to Switzerland (Geneva) • Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) • predestination • the elect • Spread of Calvinism • Scotland (John Knox)- Presbyterianism • France- Huguenots • England and North America- Puritans

  22. The Spread of Lutheranism

  23. Who was Henry VIII? What is the Anglican Church?

  24. The English Reformation • John Wycliffe (1320-1384) • Lollards • William Tyndale (1492-1536) John Wycliffe

  25. The English Reformation • Henry VIII (r.1509-1547) • Tudor monarch • Defense of the Seven Sacraments, 1521 • Problem the Church? • Catherine of Aragon (wife #1) • Anne Boleyn (wife #2… of 6) Henry VIII

  26. The English Reformation England’s Break with Rome • Pope Clement VII (r.1523-1534) refused Henry’s requested annulment with Catherine of Aragon • Act of Annates (1532)- refused revenue to the church in Rome • Act of Appeals (1533)- ended the pope’s legal authority on England • Act of Supremacy (1534)- made the English king the supreme head of the Church of England (Anglican Church) • Act of Succession (1534)- all of the king’s subjects had to take an oath of loyalty to the king as head of the Anglican Church • All of these acts were secured with the cooperation of the English Parliament.

  27. The English Reformation How did the church in England change after 1534? • Statute of Six Articles (1539)

  28. Edward VI (r.1547-1553) • Henry VIII’s son with wife #3- Jane Seymore • 10 years old at succession • raised in the Anglican faith • Edward and the Puritans in the English Parliament? • died after a short reign • Lady Jane Grey?

  29. Mary Tudor (r.1553-1558) • Henry VIII’s eldest daughter with wife #1- Catherine of Aragon • a devout Catholic • “Bloody Mary”

  30. Elizabeth I (r.1558-1603) • Henry VIII’s daughter with wife #2- Anne Boleyn • raised Anglican • “Virgin Queen” • politique • Thirty- Nine Articles (1363) • Elizabeth I died in 1603 leaving no heirs. • end of the Tudor dynasty…

  31. Catholic Reformation • Principal Objectives • Society of Jesus, 1534 • Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) • Council of Trent, 1545 • reform of abuses within the church • reaffirmed established church doctrine • Inquisition and censorship • Index of Banned Books Ignatius of Loyola Catholic Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation?

  32. Women in the Reformation • Protestant Women • place is with the family at home • role in literacy • few opportunities outside the home • Catholic Women • place is with the family at home • but… for some women there were other opportunities in religious orders Roman Catholic Ursulines

  33. Wars of Religion1560-1648

  34. Wars of Religion (1560-1648) When, where, and why? • Spain • France • Holy Roman Empire • England

  35. Spain and Philip II (r.1556-1598) • Charles V (abdicated in 1556) • HRE went to brother Ferdinand • Spain and New World went to his son Philip II • Turks in the Mediterranean • Battle of Lepanto (1571) • Philip II- devout Catholic • Spain’s wealth and Golden Age • Philip’s plan for Europe?

  36. Philip II’s Empire

  37. Spain and Philip II (r.1556-1598) • Dutch Revolt in the Netherlands • Calvinism • William of Orange • United Provinces of the Netherlands (formed in 1581) • England? • Division of the Netherlands • Dutch Republic (United Provinces) • Spanish Netherlands *Dutch independence not formally recognized until the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.

  38. Spain and Philip II (r.1556-1598) • Spain vs. England • Mary Tudor (d.1558) and Philip II • Elizabeth I (r.1558-1603) • Invasion and defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588 • Consequence for England? The Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588

  39. The French Civil Wars (c.1560-1589) • King Henry II Valois (d.1559) • Bourbon (Huguenot), Montmorency, and Guise (Catholics) in competition for power • 2/5 of French nobility were Huguenot • Huguenot= French Calvinist • Reasons for converting to Protestantism • Valois Kings of France (1559-1589) • Francis II (r.1559-1560) • Charles IX (r.1560-1574) • Henry III (r.1574-1589) • Marie de Medici (1519-1589) • (Queen mother and regent) Catherine de Medici

  40. Protestant Churches in France, 16th c.

  41. Massacre at Vassey, 1562

  42. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 1572

  43. War of the Three Henrys (1587-1589) • Henry III Valois (King of France) • Henry du Guise • Henry Bourbon • Catholic League and Henry of Guise • assassination of the king • Henry Bourbon of Navarre Henry III Henry du Guise Henry Bourbon

  44. Henry IV of France (r.1589-1610) • Ended Spanish interference in France • Converted to Catholicism : • Did this to compromise and make peace • “Paris is worth a mass” • This was an example of politique [the interest of the state comes first before any religious considerations] • Fighting for the royal inheritance • Issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598: • Granted religious rights to Huguenots • Huguenot rights in France? • Did not grant religious freedom for all

  45. Thirty Years’ War (1619-1648)

  46. Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) • Failure of the 1555 Peace of Augsburg • independence of the states within the HRE • spread of Calvinism • Divided into four phases • Bohemian Phase • Danish Phase • Swedish Phase • French Phase

  47. Bohemian Phase (1618-1622)

  48. Bohemian Phase (1618-1622) • Ferdinand of Bohemia • Habsburg ruler • intolerant of Protestantism • Defenestration of Prague  May, 1618 • Bohemia named a new king successor, an elector and prince of the Palatinate, Frederick (who was also a Calvinist) • Ferdinand II of HRE (1619-1637) • Frederick was defeated • Catholicism re-imposed Defenestration of Prague

  49. Danish Phase (1625-1629)

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