Major Developmental Theorists

1. Major Developmental Theorists DEP2004

2. Major Theorists • Sigmund Freud – Psychosexual Stages • Erik Erickson – Psychosocial Stages • Ivan Pavlov – Classical Conditioning • B. F. Skinner – Operant Conditioning • Albert Bandura – Social Learning • Lev Vygotsky – Social Learning/Cognitive • Jean Piaget – Cognitive Development • UrieBronfenbrenner – Ecological Systems • Elisabeth Kubler-Ross - 5 Stages of Grief

3. Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development

4. Oral Stage Birth to 18 months • Oral fixation • Oral personality

5. Anal Stage 18 months to three years • Anal Retentive • Anal Expulsive

6. Phallic Stage Three to Six years • Oedipus Complex • Electra Complex

7. Latency Stage Six to Puberty • Repression of sexual desires • Same sex peers

8. Genital Stage Puberty on • Reawakening sexual urges • Attention returns to opposite sex peers

9. Id, Ego, Super Ego

10. Eric EricksonEight-Stage Theory of Psycho-Social Development

20. Behaviorism • studies observable behavior • also called learning theory • Conditioning - processes by which responses become linked to particular stimuli and learning takes place.

21. Classical Conditioning - Ivan Pavlov • Classical – what happens before behavior/response • Stimulus – Conditioned, Unconditioned • Must be paired, occur closely, repeated • Response – Unconditioned, Conditioned (learned) • Extinction

22. Operant Conditioning - B. F. Skinner • Reinforcement – pleasurable consequence – encourages behavior • Positive reinforcement • Negative reinforcement • Schedule of reinforcement • Fixed or variable ratio, fixed or variable interval • Punishment – unpleasurable consequence – discourages/eliminates behavior

23. Theories of Human Development

24. Social Learning Theory • Social Learning Theory posits: • Humans learn from one another • Observation • Imitation • Modeling • Reciprocal Determinism

25. Social Learning Theory • Albert Bandura • Emphasizes the influence other people have over a person’s behavior • Modeling - people learn by observing other people then copying them. • Self-efficacy – how effective people think they are

26. Necessary Conditions for Effective Modeling • Attention • Retention • Reproduction • Motivation

27. Cognitive Theory • Thoughts and expectations profoundly affect action. • Focuses on changes in how people think over time. • Lev Vygotsky • Jean Piaget

28. Cognitive Theory - Lev Vygotsky • Guided participation • Zone of proximal development

29. Zone of Proximal Development

31. Jean Piaget - Stages of Cognitive Development

34. Theories of Human Development

35. Theories of Human Development Systems Theory • Change in one part of a person, family, or society affects every aspect of development Ecological systems approach- UrieBronfenbrenner (1917–2005) • The person should be considered in all the contexts and interactions that constitute a life.

36. Ecological Systems Theory Five Components of Bronfenbrenner’s System • microsystems- person’s immediate surroundings • exosystems - local institutions • macrosystems- larger social setting • chronosystem - literally, “time system” • Mesosystem - connections among the other systems

37. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross5 Stages of Grief

38. Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance