Industrialization & Immigration

1. Industrialization & Immigration Mr. Potts – 7th Grade Social Studies

2. Industrial Revolution CAUSES EFFECTS Skilled workers were replaced with unskilled machine operators Electricity and steel helped develop new technology Urbanization = BIG cities • Theperiod during the 19th century involving rapid changes in manufacturing, transport, and technology in the United States. • Large supply of natural resources • Secure boundaries and global markets • Large population caused by immigration into the U.S. • Inventions

3. Inventions • A flood of inventions began to sweep the nation in the late 1800’s, and by 1890 Americans were patenting 21,000 new inventions each year. These inventions helped industry to grow and become more efficient, and also made life easier in many American homes.

4. Inventions & Events • 1851 - The Bessemer steel-making process is developed. • 1859 - Edwin Drake pumps oil from the ground. • 1866 - Cyrus Field creates the transatlantic cable. • 1869 - The transcontinental railway is completed in the U.S. • 1876 - Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone. • 1877 - The phonograph is invented. • 1879 - Thomas Edison perfects an incandescent light bulb.’ • 1892 - Diesel engine is invented. • 1903 - The Wright Brothers make the first successful airplane. • 1908 - The first Model T Ford is built. • 1913 - Henry Ford builds a large-scale moving assembly line.

5. Technology Innovations • Bessemer Process (1851) – Creates a cheaper and faster process of steel making. • EFFECT = Increase steel production for railroads & skyscrapers. • Telephone (1876) – Clear voice communication vs. dots-dashes. • EFFECT = Sped up the pace of business for Industrial Revolution • Electric Light Bulb (1879) – First electric light source. • EFFECT = MODERN AGE OF ELECTRICITY= Power Plant • Airplane (1903) – First SUCCESSFUL airplane invention/flight. • EFFECT = Changed the way America traveled in the FUTURE. • Model T (1908) & Assembly Line (1913) – Henry Ford • EFFECT of Assembly Line = mass production and cheaper assembly = cheaper cost.

6. Industrial Revolution • Advanced technology along with the use of oil and electric power helped American business grow. • Some companies grew so large that they began to dominate the industryand the government. • Vertical and horizontal integration will be used as a way to eliminate the competition and control every step in the production process.

7. Causes & Effects of Industrial Growth CAUSES • Growth of Railroads • New inventions • Large supply of natural resources • More workers & capital (money) INDUSTRIAL GROWTH (1870-1914) EFFECTS • More goods available to consumers • More economic opportunities • Rise of corporations • Growth of labor unions

8. Labor Unions • Created during the Industrial Revolution to increase their bargaining power for better pay, working conditions, etc. • Collective bargaining occurs when workers and unions work COLLECTIVLY to improve working conditions. • Labor Unions developed slowly because business owners (employers) were very hostile towards workers efforts to organize.

9. Immigration WHO – “Old immigrants” mostly Irish and German immigrants vs. “new immigrants from Europe, Asia, and Latin America who were culturally different from previous immigrants. WHAT – Immigration into the United States. WHEN – 1800’s (1840) to early 1900’s (1930). WHERE – United States processing centers at Ellis Island (NY) and Angel Island (CA). Immigrants moved into the urban cities, mainly in the Northeast… Chicago, Pittsburgh, New York. WHY – People faced difficult lives in home countries and the hope of a better life & JOBS in America.

10. 5 EFFECTS of Immigration 1. Crowded cities in the late 1800’s led to vertical construction of skyscrapers and tenement buildings. 2. Employers often welcomed immigrant workers because the workers were willing to work for LOWER PAY than native born Americans. 3. Labor unions tended to oppose immigration because they feared immigrants would take jobs from Americans. 4. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 passed because Americans believed Chinese immigrants were hurting the economy. 5. Fueled the Industrial Revolution and established the culturally diverse America we live in today.

11. Ellis Island • 1892 – Ellis Island opened in NY as a processing center. • Check-in-Process: • 1st – immigrants climbed a long flight of stairs. • 2nd – Doctors examined immigrants’ eyes, ears, hair & throats. • 3rd – Interview • Name, occupation, who paid your fare, can you read and write, how much money do you have, have you ever been in prison, where are you going, etc. • Many immigrants were given new names – “American” names. • Krzeznewski – Kramer / Finkelstein – Finkel or Stein

12. Ellis Island • One immigrant recalled arriving at Ellis Island: "The boat anchored at mid-bay and then they tendered us on the ship to Ellis Island… We got off the boat…you got your bag in your hand and went right into the building Ah, that day must have been about five to six thousand people. Jammed, I remember it was August. Hot as a pistol, and I'm wearing my long johns, and my heavy Irish tweed suit."

13. Ellis Island • Ellis Island processed over 25 million immigrants from 1892 – 1924. • Estimated 40% of Americans had at least one family member pass through Ellis Island. • 1954 – Ellis Island was closed. • 1976 – Ellis Island opened to the public as a museum. • Started in 2001, the Ellis Island online database has generated over 13 billion searches.