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Book 1 Unit 6

Book 1 Unit 6. Urban Life. Text A How the City Hurts Your Brain, and What You Can Do about It. Quit. Contents. 1. Background Information & Cultural Notes. 2. Lead-in. 3. Text Structures. Text A. 4. Sentence Study. 5. Words & Phrases. 6. Key to Exercises. Quit. Left Bank.

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Book 1 Unit 6

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  1. Book 1 Unit 6 Urban Life Text AHow the City Hurts Your Brain, and What You Can Do about It Quit

  2. Contents 1 Background Information & Cultural Notes 2 Lead-in 3 Text Structures Text A 4 Sentence Study 5 Words & Phrases 6 Key to Exercises Quit

  3. Left Bank Provence Ralph Waldo Emerson Transcendentalism Henry David Thoreau Background Information & Cultural Notes Benjamin Franklin Yuko Shimizu Pablo Picasso Home

  4. Background Information & Cultural Notes Benjamin Franklin United States Minister to France1778–1785 1st United States Postmaster General1775–1776 To Be Continued Home Back

  5. Background Information & Cultural Notes His Inventions: Franklin was a prodigious inventor. Among his many creations were the lightning rod, glass armonica (a glass instrument, not to be confused with the metal harmonica), Franklin stove, bifocal glasses and the flexible urinary catheter. 玻璃口琴 双焦点眼镜 导尿管 Home Back

  6. Background Information & Cultural Notes Franklin on 100 Dollar Bill Home Back

  7. Background Information & Cultural Notes YUKO SHIMIZU （清水裕子） Yuko Shimizu is a freelance illustrator based in New York City and an illustration instructor at School of Visual Arts. Newsweek Japan has chosen her as one of “100 Japanese People The World Respects” in 2009. Her clients include: Microsoft, Pepsi, VISA, MTV, TARGET, The Gap, T-Mobile, Neiman Marcus, Warner Elektra Atlantic Music, NPR, FUSE TV, M.A.C. Cosmetics, Pentagram, Sagmeister Inc., TIME, The New York Times, The New Yorker, Rolling Stone, PLAYBOY, GQ, etc. Home Back

  8. Some of Her Works Home Back

  9. Background Information & Cultural Notes Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso, known as Pablo Picasso, (25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973), was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, and stage designer who spent most of his adult life in France. Pablo Picasso in 1962 Home Back

  10. Background Information & Cultural Notes Les Demoiselles d'Avignon 亚维农的少女 Home Back

  11. Background Information & Cultural Notes Guernica，格尔尼卡，1937 It was created in response to the bombing of Guernica, Basque Country, by German and Italianwarplanes at the behest of the Spanish Nationalist forces, on 26 April 1937, during the Spanish Civil War. 请求 Home Back

  12. Background Information & Cultural Notes the Weeping Woman, 1937 Home Back

  13. Background Information & Cultural Notes The Left Bank is the southern bank of the river Seine in Paris. Here the river flows roughly westward, cutting the city in two: looking downstream, the southern bank is to the left, and “Rive Gauche” or “Left Bank” generally refers to the Paris of an earlier era: the Paris of artists, writers and philosophers, including Pablo Picasso, Arthur Rimbaud. Home Back

  14. Background Information & Cultural Notes Provence is a region of south eastern France on the Mediterranean adjacent [ə'dʒeisənt] to Italy. lavender in Provence Home Back

  15. Background Information & Cultural Notes Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25, 1803 – April 27, 1882) was an American poet and thinker, who led the Transcendentalist（超验主义）movement of the mid-19th century. He was seen as a champion of individualism and gradually moved away from the religious and social beliefs of his contemporaries, formulating and expressing the philosophy of Transcendentalism in his 1836 essay, Nature. Home Back

  16. Background Information & Cultural Notes Transcendentalism [,trænsen‘dentəlizəm] (超验主义) is an American literary, political, and philosophical movement of the early nineteenth century, centered around Ralph Waldo Emerson. Transcendentalists operated with the sense that a new era was at hand. Among the transcendentalists‘ core beliefs was the belief in an ideal spirituality that “transcends” the physical and is realized only through the individual’s intuition, rather than through the doctrines of established religions. Home Back

  17. Background Information & Cultural Notes Henry David Thoreau ( July 12, 1817 – May 6, 1862) was an American author, poet, philosopher, and leading transcendentalist. He is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings. Home Back

  18. Lead-in What are the advantages of living in the city? Question 1 Home

  19. Lead-in Question 1What are the advantages of living in the city? 1. Easy Access Living in a city can provide easy access to work, shopping and entertainment. In some cases, city dwellers might not even own an automobile, as they can get to most destinations by using public transportation or on foot. 2. More Contacts Since cities contain large clusters of people in a relatively small area, there are more opportunities to meet people than in the suburbs. For a single person, this means that he or she could increase the chances of finding a spouse. People who are starting a business may have a better chance of making a valuable contact. Home

  20. Lead-in Question 1What are the advantages of living in the city? 3. More opportunities Education standard in big cities is way better than in small towns. Children living in the big cities tend to get more opportunities to learn better and more. Home

  21. Lead-in What are the disadvantages of living in the city? Question 2 Home

  22. Lead-in Question 2What are the disadvantages of living in the city? 1. Housing Condition Housing is often at a premium and is typically more expensive in the city. Instead of having a house with a yard and room for the kids to roam, residents may have to resort to living in a tiny apartment. Home

  23. Lead-in Question 2What are the disadvantages of living in the city? 2. Fast Pace The fast pace of city life is not for everyone. A faster pace can increase levels of stress and make people more hostile to one another, which can contribute to increased levels of violence and crime. People who enjoy a leisurely stroll in the fresh air or a friendly greeting from a stranger may find city life incompatible with their values. They may also experience the lonely feeling of being just a face in a crowd instead of part of a community. Home

  24. Lead-in Question 2What are the disadvantages of living in the city? 3. Congestion The city is always crowded, noisy and dirty. It is very difficult to find a good place where people can enjoy peace and fresh air as in the countryside. Home

  25. Lead-in How to balance the advantages of living in a big city against the disadvantages? Question 3 Home

  26. Text Structure Part I.The city has always been an engine of intellectual life, but a new research suggests cities actually dull our thinking. (Paragraph 1-3) Part II: With our brain being a limited machine, unnatural surroundings of city hurt our mental health. (Paragraph 4-6) Home

  27. Text Structure Part III: How does the city hurt our brain?(Paragraph 7-13) • City life with no natural settings makes it harder to focus. (7-10) 2. City life with no natural settings interferes with our self-control. (11-12) 3. Vaccine manufacturing is outmoded, but vaccines are not a panacea (13) Home

  28. Text Structure Part IV: What we can do to reduce mental problems of cities: integrate a more bio-diverse park into our life.(Paragraph 14-17) Part V: Despite the myriad of mental problem exacerbated by city life, cities are still engine of intellectual life. The key is to how to mitigate the damage of metropolis while still preserving its unique benefits.(Paragraph 18-20) Home

  29. Sentence Study 1 While the modern city might be a haven for playwrights, poets, and physicists, it’s also a deeply unnatural and overwhelming place.(Para.2) while : 虽然，尽管 1. 要解决上述问题比较困难，而我们可以从孔子的思想中寻求答案。 While these problems are difficult to solve, Confucian ethics helps us formulate a resolution. 2. 虽然我也许不能走路，但是我可以做许多其他更伟大的事。 While I may not be able to walk, there are many other great things I can do. 3. 虽然我对他们有些同情，但我并不认为他们是正确的。 While I have some sympathy for them, I don’t think they are right. To Be Continued Home

  30. Sentence Study 1 虽然对剧作家、诗人以及物理学家来说现代城市是一个好地方，但它也是一个远离自然、充满压力的地方。 Home

  31. Sentence Study 2 Given the myriad of mental problems that are exacerbated by city life, from an inability to pay attention to a lack of self-control, the question remains:Why do cities continue to grow? And why, even in the electronic age, do they endure as wellsprings of intellectual life? (Para.18) given : prep. (表示原因)考虑到 1. 鉴于香港大学招收学生名额有限，大陆的高校将仍是大陆大多数学生的首选。 Given the limited enrolment capacity of Hong Kong universities, mainland universities will remain the first choice for the majority of mainland students. 2. 铁路建设投资巨大、相关产业链长，加快铁路建设可以带动钢铁、建材、能源工业等相关产业的发展。 Given the huge amount of investment and many industries involved in railway construction, expedited railway construction can promote the development of iron and steel, building materials, energy and other related industries. To Be Continued Home

  32. Sentence Study 2 既然城市生活恶化了诸如注意力不集中、自控能力差等许多精神问题，所以人们提出质疑：为什么城市一直在不停地发展？在电子时代，城市为什么一直还是智力生活的源泉？ Home

  33. Sentence Study 3 Ralph Waldo Emerson advised people to “adopt the pace of nature,” while the landscape architect Frederic Law Olmsted sought to create vibrant urban parks, such as Central Park in New York and the Emerald Necklace in Boston, that allowed the masses to escape the maelstrom of urban life.(Para.3) maelstrom: n.大漩涡 ,这里意思为“紧张的生活节奏” 1. 打入战斗激烈之处！ Into the maelstrom of battle! 2. 河水急流而下， 进入一个漂砾的漩涡中。 The river takes a headlong plunge into a maelstrom of rocks and boulders. To Be Continued Home

  34. Sentence Study 3 Ralph Waldo Emerson建议人们过着一个符合自然规律的生活，而景观设计师Frederic Law Olmsted努力建立一个让大众远离城市紧张节奏的、充满生机的都市公园，如纽约的中央公园和波士顿的翡翠公园。 Home

  35. Sentence Study 4 Over time, this hypothesis has led to a proliferation of expansive civic lawns, punctuated by a few trees and playing fields. (Para.15) • a proliferation of a rapid increase of 激增 • be punctuated by vt. & vi. 加标点符号,加标点; vt. 不时打断某事物 • 给一篇文章加标点 to punctuate a piece of writing • 听众不时以阵阵掌声打断他的讲话。 • The audience punctuated his speech by outbursts of applause. • 2. 他的演讲不时给噓声打断。 • His speech was punctuated by catcalls. To Be Continued Home

  36. Sentence Study 4 Paraphrase: As time goes by, this hypothesis has led to a rapid increase of open urban grassland, separated by a few trees and playgrounds. 长期以来，这种假说导致了城市里这种时不时由树和运动场点缀的开阔草坪数量的大量激增。 Home

  37. Expressions New Words • migrate • wary • trivial • perception • subvert • dilute • vibrant • proliferate • layout • myriad New Words & Expressions • hold forth Home

  38. New Words migrate ['maigreit]  vi. 1) 迁移;移居; 2) (候鸟等)定期移栖;(鱼群)回游 n. migration 1. 亚洲人何时开始向美国移民的? When did Asians begin to migrate to the United States? 2. 每年冬季大量的鸟类迁徙南方。 Large numbers of birds migrate south every winter. 1. migrate Para 6, Line 3 Back

  39. New Words 2. wary Para. 7, Line 4 wary ['wɛəri]  adj. 小心翼翼的;谨防的;警惕的 1. 门房密切注意陌生人 The doorman kept a wary eye on strangers. 2. 他提防泄露秘密。 He is wary of telling secrets. Back

  40. New Words trivial ['triviəl] adj. 1)琐细的;不重要的;无价值的 2)浅薄的;无能的;轻浮的 1. 不要把你的时间浪费在这些琐事上。 Don’t waste your time on these trivial things. 2. 他是个非常浅薄轻浮的人。 He’s a very trivial person. 3. trivial Para. 7, Line 7 Back

  41. New Words Para. 7, Line 11 4. perception perception [pə'sepʃən] n. 1) 感知,认识,感觉; 2) 感知能力;洞察力 1. 我对这个问题的理解则完全不同。 My perception of the problem is quite different. 2. 她是一个感觉敏锐的女人。 She is a woman of keen perception. Back

  42. New Words Para. 12, Line 4 5. subvert subvert [sʌb'və:t] vt. 推翻; 颠覆;破坏 1. 民主政体容易自内部加以破坏。 Democracy can easily be subverted from within. 2. 中国宪法和法律禁止任何组织或个人组织、策划、实施武装叛乱或武装暴乱，颠覆国家政权，推翻社会主义制度。 China’s Constitution and laws prohibit any organization or individual from organizing, plotting or carrying out armed rebellion or riot to subvert the state power or overthrow the socialist system. Back

  43. New Words dilute [dai'lju:t] vt. 1) 稀释; 2) 削弱;降低 adj. diluted undiluted 1. 她搀水冲淡浓缩水果汁。 She diluted the concentrated fruit juice with water. 2. 这次事件削弱了总统的影响 This accident diluted the President‘s influence. 6. dilute Para. 14, Line 2 Back

  44. New Words vibrant ['vaibrənt]  adj. 1)振动的;颤动的 2)充满生气的;活跃的 1. 叶子在微风中抖动。 The leaves were vibrant in the breeze. 2. 这城市充满生机。 The city is vibrant with life. 7. vibrant Para. 14, Line 4 Back

  45. New Words proliferate [prə'lifəreit] vt. (使)增殖;(使)激增;(使)扩散 n. proliferation 1. 病毒迅猛繁殖传播。 The virus proliferated rapidly and spread fast. 2. 因为核武器的扩散，防止战争已经变得非常必要了。 As nuclear weapons proliferate, preventing war becomes imperative. Para. 15, Line 4 8. proliferate Back

  46. New Words layout [‘leiaut] n. 1)安排;设计;布局 2) (书籍、广告等的)版面设计,版面编排 1. 他们的房子设计得很好。 Their house has a good layout. 2. 书籍设计者得重新编排版面。 The book designer will have to redo the page layouts. 9. layout Para. 17, Line 5 Back

  47. New Words 10. myriad Para. 18, Line 1 myriad ['miriəd] n.无数,大量 ; adj.无数的,大量的 1. 每天黄昏无数蚊虫从沼泽地飞来侵袭我们的村子。 Myriads of mosquitoes from the swamp invaded our village every twilight. 2. 海洋中有数不胜数的鱼。 There is myriad fish in the ocean. Back

  48. Expressions 11. hold forth Para. 1, Line 3 hold forthv. 滔滔地说；提供 hold forth on/to对…大加评论 1. 他属于新一代的学术明星，其滔滔不绝的讲课可在学校网站甚至免费获取。 5月你甚至可以在苹果的iTunes 网上商店免费下载。 He is part of a new generation of academic stars who hold forth in cyberspace on their college Web sites and even, without charge, on iTunes U, which went up in May on Apple’s iTunes Store. 2. 领导大腕在喀布尔滔滔不绝，阿富汗未来依旧充满未知 As the bigwigs hold forth in Kabul, Afghanistan’s future still looks uncertain Back

  49. Key to Exercises 1. Reading Comprehension a. Choose the sentences that best express the meaning of the statement from the text. (1) C (2) A (3) B (4) B (5) C Home

  50. Key to Exercises b. Fill in the blanks with the information you have learned in the text. (1) the city has always been an engine of intellectual life; it’s not easy to live in the city because it spread terrible diseases and is far away from nature with considerable pressures (2) it focus our brain to take energy and effort to monitor every potential threat on the busy and noisy streets and constantly redirects our attention, which exploits one of the crucial weak spots of the brain (3) natural settings are full of objects that automatically capture our attention without triggering a negative emotional response and thus our brain which directs attention can relax deeply and replenish itself (4) the brain is assaulted with temptations and resisting these temptations requires the brain to use part of it that is responsible for directed attention, which means that it’s already been exhausted by walking around the city and then will fail to exert self-control (5) they are the centers of social activities that largely lead to urban creativity as strangers interact with each other in unpredictable ways Home

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