Book 1 Unit 1

1. Book 1 Unit 1 Low-Carbon Economy Text ACreating a Low-Carbon Eonomy Quit

2. Contents 1 Background Information & Cultural Notes 2 Lead-in 3 Text Structures Text A 4 Sentence Study 5 Words & Phrases 6 Key to Exercises Quit

3. Background Information & Cultural Notes Low-Carbon Economy IPCC Renewable Energy Home

4. Background Information & Cultural Notes A Low-Carbon Economy (LCE), Low-Fossil-Fuel Economy (LFFE) or Decarbonized Economy is an economy that has a minimal output of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions into the environment biosphere, but specifically refers to the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. GHG emissions due to anthropogenic activity are increasingly either causing climate change (global warming) or making climate change worse. Scientists are concerned about the negative impacts of climate change on humanity in the foreseeable future. Globally implemented LCEs, therefore, are proposed, by those having drawn this conclusion, as a means to avoid catastrophic climate change, and as a precursor to the more advanced, zero-carbon society and renewable energy economy. biosphere [‘baiəsfiə] n. 生物圈 anthropogenic [,ænθrəupəu'dʒenik] adj. 人为的；[人类] 人类起源的 precursor [pri:‘kə:sə, pri-] n. 先驱，前导 Home Back

5. Background Information & Cultural Notes IPCC The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Changeis a scientific intergovernmental body first established in 1988 by two United Nations organizations, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), and later endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly through Resolution 43/53. Its mission is to provide comprehensive scientific assessments of current scientific, technical and socio-economic information worldwide about the risk of climate change caused by human activity, its potential environmental and socio-economic consequences, and possible options for adapting to these consequences or mitigating the effects endorse[in‘dɔ:s] vt. 背书；认可；签署；赞同；在背面签名 United Nations General Assembly联合国大会 Home Back

6. Background Information & Cultural Notes Renewable energyis energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished). About 16% of global final energy consumption comes from renewables, with 10% coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.4% from hydroelectricity. New renewables (small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and biofuels) accounted for another 3% and are growing very rapidly. The share of renewables in electricity generation is around 19%, with 16% of global electricity coming from hydroelectricity and 3% from new renewables. To Be Continued Home Back

7. Background Information & Cultural Notes Wind power Airflows can be used to run wind turbines. Areas where winds are stronger and more constant, such as offshore and high altitude sites, are preferred locations for wind farms. Globally, the long-term technical potential of wind energy is believed to be five times total current global energy production, or 40 times current electricity demand. This could require wind turbines to be installed over large areas, particularly in areas of higher wind resources. Offshore resources experience average wind speeds of ~90% greater than that of land, so offshore resources could contribute substantially more energy. A wind farm located in Manjil, Iran. To Be Continued Home Back

8. Background Information & Cultural Notes Hydropower Energy in water can be harnessed and used. Since water is about 800 times denser than air, even a slow flowing stream of water, or moderate sea swell, can yield considerable amounts of energy. There are many forms of water energy. Grand Coulee Dam is a hydroelectric gravity dam on the Columbia River in the U.S. state of Washington. The dam supplies four power stations with an installed capacity of 6,809 MW and is the largest electric power-producing facility in the United States. To Be Continued Home Back

9. Background Information & Cultural Notes Solar energyis the energy derived from the sun through the form of solar radiation. Solar powered electrical generation relies on photovoltaics and heat engines. A partial list of other solar applications includes space heating and cooling through solar architecture, daylighting, solar hot water, solar cooking, and high temperature process heat for industrial purposes. Nellis Solar Power Plant in the United States, one of the largest photovoltaic power plants in North America. photovoltaics [,fəutəuvɔl‘teiiks] n. [电子] 光生伏打；太阳光电；太阳能光电板 To Be Continued Home Back

10. Background Information & Cultural Notes Biofuels include a wide range of fuels which are derived from biomass. The term covers solid biomass, liquid fuels and various biogases. Liquid biofuels include bioalcohols, such as bioethanol, and oils, such as biodiesel. Gaseous biofuels include biogas, landfill gas and synthetic gas. Brazil has bioethanol made from sugarcane available throughout the country. Shown a typical Petrobras gas station at São Paulo with dual fuel service, marked A for alcohol (ethanol) and G for gasoline. biomass [‘baiəumæs] n.生物质能 bioethanol [baiә‘eθə,nɔl]n. 生物乙醇 biodiesel [baiɔ:di:zl] n. 生物柴油 gaseous [‘ɡæsiəs] adj. 气态的，气体的 landfill gas填埋区沼气 synthetic gas人工合成气体 To Be Continued Home Back

11. Background Information & Cultural Notes Geothermal Energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal energy is the energy that determines the temperature of matter. The geothermal gradient, which is the difference in temperature between the core of the planet and its surface, drives a continuous conduction of thermal energy in the form of heat from the core to the surface. The adjective geothermal originates from the Greek roots geo, meaning earth, and thermos, meaning heat. Steam rising from the Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Station in Iceland. geothermal gradient [,dʒi:əu'θə:məl] ['ɡreidiənt] [地物] 地温梯度；[地物] 地热增温率 Home Back

12. Lead-in What are the most serious threat to future well-being of the world? Question 1 Home

13. Lead-in Question 1What Are the Most Serious Threat to Future Well-being of the World? 45% 32% 14% 7% Global warming Terrorism Population growth HIV/AIDS Home

14. Lead-in How many types of natural disasters do you know? Question 2 Home

15. Lead-in Question 2How Many Types of Natural Disasters Do You Know? tsunami acid rain rainstorm flood blizzard drought heat wave hurricanes/typhoons tornado/cyclone mudflow/landslide famine 海啸 酸雨 暴雨 洪水 暴风雪 干旱 热浪 飓风（台风） 龙卷风 泥石流 饥荒 Home

16. Lead-in What can we do to prevent those disasters from happening? Question 3 Home

17. Lead-in Question 3What can we do to prevent those disasters from happening? • Popular Advice • 1. Tips in daily life: • Refrigerator: It’s good for refrigerator to store the food for its 80% .If you put too much or too little food in it, it uses more power. • Microwave: Each food in microwave should not weight more than 0.5 kg, in addition, its saved more energy by cutting the food into small pieces. • 2. Low-carbon transport: If you go to a place which is 8 km far from where you are, you should choose taking public transportations in order to save 1700 grams of carbon dioxide emissions. Home

18. Lead-in Question 3What can we do to prevent those disasters from happening? Negative/Realistic Views The atmosphere is a huge whirlwind of conditions out of our control, just as the shifting of tectonic plates can’t be stopped.  Humans cannot prevent a tornado, or make it rain in a drought, or stop an earthquake from destroying a city.  Some of what we do may seem like we try to control disasters, like building levees or seawalls to prevent flooding, but if conditions are right, even those manmade objects can easily be broken down by nature.  It is impossible to hold back something like a giant thunderstorm or prevent magma from erupting starting hundreds of miles under the Earth’s surface.  The only thing we can do is to learn from previous weather patterns and realize that building a city next to a volcano is probably not economically right. tectonic plate [tek‘tɔnik] 地壳构造板块 levee [‘levi] n. 堤坝 magma [‘mæɡmə] n. [地质] 岩浆 Home

19. Text Structure Part I:A general introduction to the serious problem of global warming(Paragraph 1-5) 1. Global warming is dangerous.(Paragraph 1) 2. Our earth is getting warmer.(Paragraph 2) 3. Young people are alerted by scientists’ warning. (Paragraph 3-5) Home

20. Text Structure Part II: The disastrous costs global warming may lead to (Paragraph 6-11) 1. Environmental costs: authoritative warnings in details (Paragraph 6-7) 2. Economic costs: costs of damage from extreme weather and sudden climate change (Paragraph 8-11) Home

21. Text Structure Part III: To build a low-carbon economy in order to solve the problem(Paragraph 12-19) 1. We cannot afford to get any warmer. (Paragraph 12-14) 2. Or the planet will face serious risks. (Paragraph 15-16) 3. So we have to build a low carbon economy. (Paragraph 17-19) Home

22. Sentence Study 1 We are on a trajectory for global warming to become much more intense unless we begin a concerted rapid shift toward a low-carbon economy. (Para.1, Line 2) trajectory['trædʒiktəri, trə'dʒek-]轨迹，轨道，弹道 on a trajectory: on the way toward e.g. 导弹偏离了轨道。 The missile deflected from its trajectory. concerted协定的，协调的 intense ~ heat / ~emotion /~pain intensive ~ training / ~ care / labor-~ / ~economy intense 和 intensive 的意思在相当程度上是交叉的，但是它们经常有细微的差别。当用来描述人的感情或活动时，intense 通常指由内在倾向而来的力量或专心；而intensive更常用于指行为的强度和程度是由外部强加的。 To Be Continued Home

23. Sentence Study 1 Paraphrase: Human beings are making the earth warmer and warmer to an intolerable degree. Now the only way to stop it is that all countries to take actions together to build a low-carbon economy. 我们正走在一条加剧全球变暖的道路上，若想扭转局面，我们必须采取迅速一致的行动建立一个低碳经济系统。 Home

24. Sentence Study 2 Fears of an environmental crisis are defining their generation in ways that the Depression, World War II, Vietnam and the Cold War’s lingering ‘War Games’ etched souls in the 20th century. (Para. 4, Line 2) in ways that: 以..... 的方式 e.g. 人类塑造环境的方式是其他生物无法做到的。 Human shape their environment in ways that other organisms cannot. To Be Continued Home

25. Sentence Study 2 Paraphrase: Young people nowadays are frightened and impacted by environmental pollution and climate change. The fright is just like that of people in 20th century who have experienced and suffered from Depression, World War II, Cold War and Vietnam War. These all have left intense painful scars on people’s mind and body. 对环境危机的恐惧正在影响着年轻一代，其影响的方式如同上世纪的大萧条、二战、越战、冷战的“战争阴影”对当时人们心灵的侵蚀一样。 Home

26. Sentence Study 3 According to this analysis, keeping average temperature to an increase in the range of 2.0-2.4oC would require a CO2 equivalent concentration—or CO2e, which is a measurement that expresses the global warming potential of all greenhouse gases compared to CO2—in the range of 445 parts per million to 490 parts per million, a highly ambitious target.(Para. 17, Line 3) • 破折号引入的部分可看作是对“CO2 equivalent concentration ”的补充解释，不影响主句的语法结构。 • concentration [,kɔnsən‘treiʃən] n. 浓度 To Be Continued Home

27. Sentence Study 3 Paraphrase: If we want to keep average temperature increasing no more than 2.0-2.4oC, we have to keep CO2 equivalent concentration within 445 parts per million to 490 parts per million. This is a mission we must endeavor to fulfill. CO2 equivalent, or CO2e, is a way to measure the global warming degree of all greenhouse gases as compared to CO2. 根据这一分析，温度的上升控制在2-2.4摄氏度就要求二氧化碳当量气体浓度保持在445-490 ppm的范围内，要做到这一点相当不容易。二氧化碳当量是度量所有温室效应气体对大气温度的影响能力的基本单位。 Home

28. Expressions New Words • uncharted • disrupt • inflict • scarcity • aggravate • extermination • mitigation • infrastructure • improvidently • incur New Words & Expressions • in light of • under the auspices of • lose out Home

29. New Words uncharted[ʌn'tʃɑ:tid]adj. 1. (地)图上未标明的 2. 未经探测的；未知的 unknown, sealed 1. 事实上，我们正进入一个未知的地域。 In fact we are entering an uncharted territory. 2. 我拥有一张地图，上面有一个以前从未曾标注的岛屿—一个被认为只有在神话传说当中存在的地方。 I’ve come into possession of a map, an uncharted island, a place that was thought to exist only in myth. 1. uncharted Para 3, Line 2 Back

30. New Words 2. disrupt Para. 6, Line 6 • disrupt [dis'rʌpt] vt. 破坏；使瓦解；使分裂；使中断；使陷于混乱 • destroy, tear, undermine • adj. 分裂的，中断的；分散的 • divided, scattered • 1. 过量的维生素D会扰乱人体的钙平衡。 • Too much vitamin D is thought to disrupt the body’s calcium levels. • 2. 龙卷风使整个沿海的广播都中断了。 • The tornado disrupted broadcasting along the entire coast. Back

31. New Words inflict [in'flikt] vt. 造成；使遭受（损伤、痛苦等）；给予（打击等) inflict on ;inflict to 1. 市场的一个可怕的趋势就是给最多数的投资者带来最多的痛苦。 Markets have a terrible tendency to inflict maximum pain on the maximum number of investors. 2. 和其他运动不同，拳击的目的就是向对手施以身体上的打击。 Unlike other sports the aim of boxing is to inflict bodily harm on an opponent. 3. inflict Para. 7, Line 7 Back

32. New Words Para. 7, Line 14 4. scarcity scarcity['skεəsəti] n. 1. 缺乏，不足; 2. 稀少，罕见，难得 shortage, deficiency 1. 我们看到了许多对资源的竞争。在资源匮乏时期，这种竞争是不可避免的。 We’re seeing a lot of competition for resources, which is inevitable in periods of scarcity. 2. 我们大脑的自然倾向就是进食和储存能量来防备食物短缺和饥荒。 Our brains have a natural tendency to desire eating beyond need, to store in case of scarcity and famine. Back

33. New Words Para. 9, Line 7 5. aggravate • aggravate [‘æɡrəveit] v. 加重；使恶化; 激怒 • complicate, irritate 1. 恶劣的环境例如干燥的空气，烟雾，烟和风等会加重症状。 • Adverse environmental conditions such as dry air, smog, smoke and wind can aggravate the condition. • 2. 他的跋扈态度惹恼了我。 • His bossy attitude aggravated me. Back

34. New Words extermination [ik,stə:mi'neiʃən] n. 消灭，扑灭，灭绝，铲除，根除，extinction, eradication 1. 气候科学家称,因生态系统的崩溃彼此相连, 物种绝种会是最大的威胁。 Extermination of species would be the most threatening change, the climate scientist said, as one ecological collapse led to another. 2. 虽然冷战结束了，但核武器的蔓延或者核材料的失窃都可能导致这座星球上任何一座城市的覆灭。 Even with the cold war now over, the spread of nuclear or the theft of unclear materials could lead to extermination on any city of the planet. 6. extermination Para. 16, Line 5 Back

35. New Words mitigation [miti‘ɡeiʃən] n. 缓解，减轻，平静 peace, relaxation 1. 减少排放将是要要讨论的中心议题。 Mitigation, or emissions reduction, will be at the heart of the deal. 2. 研究的目标是要增强香港作为国际金融中心的竞争力，以求减少风险、提升效率、减低成本。 The objective of the study is to enhance the competitiveness of Hong Kong as an international financial centre in terms of risk mitigation, increased efficiency and cost reduction. Para. 17, Line 1 7. mitigation Back

36. New Words infrastructure [‘infrə,strʌktʃə] n. 基础设施；公共建设；下部构造 1. 为刺激增长，政府可以增加基础设施投资。 To stimulate growth, the government could increase investment in infrastructure. 2. 我们将与合作伙伴共同开发、制造电池、兴建基础设施，以及利用政府政策来促进电动汽车被大众接受。 We’re going to work with partners to develop and produce batteries, infrastructure, as well as government policy to speed the acceptance of electric vehicles. Para. 18, Line 6 8. infrastructure Back

37. New Words improvidently[im‘prɔvidəntli] adv.无远见地，奢侈地 improvident [im‘prɔvidənt] adj.目光短浅的，无远见的; 不谨慎的 short-sighted 1. 他说：“此次释放犯人的指令即无先例，又无远见，也是与联邦法律相违背的。” “The prisoner release ordered in this case is unprecedented, improvident, and contrary to federal law “, he said. 2. 目前，人们变得越来越短视了，他们想要的只是眼前的快乐。 Nowadays, people are getting increasingly improvident and all they want is just immediate pleasure. 9. improvidently Para. 18, Line 7 Back

38. New Words 10. incur Para. 19, Line 1 incur [in'kə:] v.招致，引发；蒙受 e.g. incur loss/ damages 遭受损失 ; incur costs 承担费用; incur obligation 承担债务 1. 吸烟的人给身心带来了很大的危险。 People who smoke incur a great danger to their health. 2. 不用说，我们将会偿还你所担负的任何费用。 Needless to say, we shall refund any expenses you may incur. Back

39. New Words 11. in light of Para. 5, Line 1 in light of根据；鉴于；从…观点 on the basis of, upon 1. 英格兰说，鉴于所发生的几起建筑事故，它希望确保自己的运动员安全。 England said it wants assurances that its players will be safe in light of the construction accidents. 2. 有鉴于此，我们必须先结束目前的局势，然后从零开始学习。 In light of that, we must first end this situation and then study from a zero base. Back

40. New Words 12. under the auspices of Para. 7, Line 2 under the auspices of 由…赞助或主办，在…保护下；在…的主持下 1. 对于重组体DNA问题，我们需要有一个全面的估价，而且最好由联邦政府主办。 We need a comprehensive assessment of the recombinant DNA issue, preferably under the auspices of the federal government. 2. 很多次，我们的文学和音乐聚谈，在夜空星星的闪耀护卫之下，聚拢开始，又在清晨的星空下，如同清晨微风里的灯光一样，消散离去。 On many an occasion did our literary and musical gatherings assemble under the auspices of the evening star to disperse, as did the lamplights at the breezes of dawn, under the morning star. Back

41. New Words 13. lose out Para. 19, Line 1 lose out输掉，失败 lose out on 1. 我们公司没能做成这笔大买卖。 Our firm lost out on this big deal. 2. 当我们面对一位强大的敌人或是一项严峻的挑战时，我们可能会预见到失败。 When faced with a big opponent or a big challenge, we might assume that we will lose out. 3. 你和那个伤害你的人同时都输了，因为你们都失去了对方。 You and the person that hurt you both lose out because you lose each other. Back

42. Key to Exercises 1. Reading Comprehension a. Choose the sentences that best express the meaning of the statement from the text. 1. B 2. B. 3. A 4. C 5.B Home

43. Key to Exercises b. Fill in the blanks with the information you have learned in the text. (1) the result of the rapid build-up of greenhouse gases primarily caused by human activities; we begin a concerted, rapid shift toward a low carbon economy (2) Climate represents the envelope within which all our natural systems operate (3) the increased costs of damage from extreme weather events such as floods, droughts, hurricanes, heat waves and major storms; the risk that such events affect global financial markets through higher or more volatile insurance costs; and the risk of abrupt and large-scale climate change (4) Scientific analysis of historic climate data and projections of future conditions, and state-of-the-art computer models paint a stark picture of what is to come (5) Keeping average temperature to an increase in the range of 2.0 ℃ to 2.4 ℃. Home

44. Key to Exercises 2.Vocabulary • Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words or phrases you have learned in the text. (1) adverse (2) stark (3) inflict (4) Systematically (5) triggered (6) improvident (7) incurred (8) alternative (9) lost out on (10) settled on Home

45. Key to Exercises 2.Vocabulary b.Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. • (1)B (2) C (3) A (4) D • (5) B (6) C (7) A (8) D • (9) C (10) D Home

46. Key to Exercises 3. Cloze choose an appropriate word from the following list to fill in each of the following blanks. Each word can be used only once. Change the form where necessary. (1)embraced (2) sped up (3) running out (4) urgency (5) Initiative (6) specific (7) designated (8) contribute (9) incorporate (10) hampering (11) reward (12) involved (13) adverse (14) adaptive (15) vulnerability (16) alternative (17) context (18) due to (19) compensation (20) scheduled Home

47. Key to Exercises 4. Translation a. Chinese to English: Translate the following sentences into English. (1) Bending under the weight of the packs, sweating, they climbed steadily in the pine forest that covered the mountainside. (2) Concentrating on time passing, as we do when bored, will trigger brain activity which make it seem as though the clock is ticking more slowly. To Be Continued Home

48. Key to Exercises 4. Translation a. Chinese to English: Translate the following sentences into English. (3) Unemployment shot up in France during the second quarter, and the country’s top financial official said the situation will continue to aggravate even if a global economic recovery gathers pace. It was the worst quarterly unemployment in France since 2006. (4) As social practice continues to develop, we should keep renewing our ideas and make innovations courageously in light of practical needs. To Be Continued Home

49. Key to Exercises 4. Translation a. Chinese to English Translate the following sentences into English. (5) Bicycles are regarded as an economical alternative to buses whose fares have increased 3 times in the past few years. (6) The U.S. government has called on people to save water because the scarcity of water has become a source of global tension ecologically, economically and politically. To Be Continued Home

50. Key to Exercises 4. Translation a. Chinese to English Translate the following sentences into English. (7) In order to be a recognized leader in the industry, it’s essential for a company to improve production quality and tap the overseas market through the help of state-of-the-art technologies and equipment. (8) If you are thinking about coming to Britain for Christmas, it might be a good idea to think again. That’s because thousands of Christmas travelers have been stranded in the U.K. as adverse whether conditions caused massive disruption to the transport infrastructure. Home