Section 2.3: Carbon-Based Molecules Biochemistry

1. Section 2.3: Carbon-Based MoleculesBiochemistry

2. You have heard people use the term “Organic” in every day speech…Which of these would be considered Organic vs Inorganic? Wood Shell Butter Snail Quartz CO2 Sand Leaf Water Rock O2 Pearl NaCl Paper Bird SiO2 Lollipop Cotton Diamond Egg

3. Organic Compounds • Must contain C and H covalently bonded together • Usually contain O and sometimes N

4. What makes Carbon such a special element? • It can form 4 covalent bonds • Forms chains or rings to other Carbons • Can single, double or triple bond • Easily covalently bonds with H, O and N

5. How are biomolecules put together? • Smallest unit of a biomolecule is called a Monomer (One unit). Simple Sugars, Amino Acids, Fatty Acids and Nucleotides Glucose Amino Acid Fatty Acid

6. 2. These monomers will bond together to form a Polymer (Many units). (Starch, Proteins, Fats, Nucleic acid) Sucrose Lipid

7. MonomerPolymer MONOSACCHARIDES

8. Polymers form by a bonding monomers together with each other to form larger molecules (like putting beads onto a necklace).

9. The formula for Glucose is C6H12O6 and Fructose is also C6H12O6, when they are combined together, the new compound, Sucrose (sugar) is C12H22O11. How could that be? C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 _____________________ C12H24O12 - C12H22O11 ______________ H2O

10. Process of putting the monomers together to form polymers is called Dehydration synthesis(removing water, putting together) • For each bond, a water molecule needs to be pulled out to join the 2 monomers together. • It is a building up process, going from simple to more complex

11. Dehydration Synthesis 1 2 3 1 2 3

12. The food we eat usually are polymers which won’t fit into our cells so they need to be broke down Hydrolysis (water loosening) is the reverse of Dehydration Synthesis. • It’s a breakdown process • Water molecules are put back in to break the bonds of the polymer to become monomers. • Commonly known as Digestion

13. 1 3 2 1 2 3

14. Hydrolysis

15. The Big 4 Biomolecule groups • Carbohydrates Sugars and starches • Lipids Fats, Oils, waxes and sterols • Nucleic acids DNA and RNA • Proteins Hemoglobin, enzymes, muscles, blood, hormones

16. Carbohydrates • Made up of C, H & O • H:O is 2:1 • Main source of energy for the body • Made up of Monosaccharides • (Simple Sugars)

17. Monosaccharide • Simple Sugar • C6H12O6 • Glucose • Galactose • Fructose • Provide quick energy Galactose Glucose

18. Disaccharide • Double Sugar • C12H22O11 • Sucrose • Lactose • Maltose Provide fast energy Lactose Sucrose

19. Polysaccharide • Many sugar polymer • Starch • Glycogen • Animal starch stored in liver • Cellulose • Main component of plant cell walls. • Most abundant biomolecule on earth Provide stored energy (4 - 6 hours)

20. Cellulose

21. Glycogen

22. Carbohydrate lab • Each pair should build glucose – Initialed • With an adjoining pair, undergo Dehydration Synthesis Get initialed • Undergo Hydrolysis – Get initialed • Break apart model kits and put back in bag and on front lab table. • Complete ALL questions in the lab

23. First make a Glucose molecule 6 5 4 1 3 2

24. -Next, line up the two Glucose molecules side by side. -To the left Glucose molecule, remove an –OH from the 1st Carbon .-The Glucose on the right will remove a H from the 4th Carbon-Take the –OH and the – to make a water molecule-Join the Oxygen from the Glucose on the right to the Carbon of the Glucose on the left

25. Lipids • Not soluble in water • Contain C, H, and O where the H:O ratio is >2:1 • Fats, oils and waxes • Used for stored energy, insulation and waterproofing • Made up of Glycerol and Fatty acids • Produced by Dehydration synthesis Glycerol Fatty acids

26. Fatty Acid Glycerol 3 water molecules were removed

27. Triglyceride (a fat)

28. Saturated vs Unsaturated fat controversy • The more H’s in the Hydrocarbon chain, the more energy the fatty acid provides • The more H’s, the more solid it will be. • Problem with clogging and narrowing of arteries and > blood pressure Angioplasty

29. Saturated fats: • butter, lard, animal fat, cholesterol, coconut and palm oil • are solid at room temp. • have no double bonds so there is a maximum of H’s present

30. Unsaturated fats • Olive oil, canola oil, margarine • Liquid at room temp • Have at least 1 double bond in the H – C chain

31. Polyunsaturated fats • Soybean oil, safflower oil, peanut oil, corn oil • Clear, thin liquids at room temp • Contain many double bonds in H-C chain

32. Each pair should make a Glycerol model Three Hydroxyl groups with H’s & C’s Hydroxyl groups This is where dehydration synthesis will occur

33. Now make each of the following Fatty Acids. You will need to break some apart to make more. Caproic acid Butryic acid

34. Now make a double bond in between the two middle Carbons. You will need to take off two hydrogen atoms to do this. Caproic acid H H H H H O H C C C C C C O H H H H

35. Proteins • Hemoglobin, enzymes, muscles, blood, hormones, cell membrane • Large molecules • Contain C, H, O, & N (sometimes also S) • Found in meats, eggs, dairy & Legumes (beans, peas and peanuts) • Made up of Amino acids

36. Polymers of Amino Acids Made up of: an Amino group (-NH2), a Carboxyl group (COOH) a radical (R) or variable group

37. Amino Acids • 20 different AA (8 are essential) • Most end in “ine” • Since there are 20 different AA, the possible number of proteins formed are limitless (How many words can you make with 26 letters?)

38. When 2 amino acids bond, a Dipeptide is formed • The C-N bond formed is called a Peptide bond • When 3 or more AA bonds, it’s a Polypeptide

41. Nucleic acids • DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic acid) • Contain C, H, O, N and P • Polymers of Nucleotides • A 5 carbon sugar • A nitrogen base • A phosphate group

42. Store and transmit genetic information • They work together to make proteins.

45. A B C D F G E H I