TOTALITARIAN DICTATORS

1. TOTALITARIAN DICTATORS Mussolini Hitler Stalin

3. TOTALITARIANISM • Phenomenon in between wars • Mass Politics • Communication – motion pictures, radio • Irrational ideologies • Anti-Semitism, glorification of violence, extreme nationalism • Social Darwinism – racists, domination of the “weaker”

4. TOTALITARIANISM • 1920’s – 1930’s • Complete control of the economic, social, intellectual, and cultural aspects of people’s lives • Totalitarian Tyranny – Fascism, Nazism, and Communism – “Feuding Brothers” with a common father – WAR - Elie Halevy – Era of Tyrannies

5. POST-WAR ITALY • Italia Irredenta – “unredeemed Italy” • Italian Nationalism • Dissatisfied with the “spoils” of war • Victor Emmanuel III (1900-1946) • Parliamentary Democracy • Prime Minister

7. TOTALITARIANISM • Political Muddle – no dominate political party • Peasants seized land • Industrial Strikes • Lack of democratic tradition • Threat of Communism • Irredenta – “unredeemed Italy

8. BENITO MUSSOLINI • 1883-1945 • Il Duce • Italian Dictator (1922-1945) • School teacher, journalist, public speaker, political agitator • Fascism

9. THE FASCIST SYMBOL • Comes from the Latin word fasces • In ancient Rome, the fasces were cylindrical bundles of wooden rods, tied tightly together around an axe. • They symbolize unity and power.

10. DEFINTION • Fascism is the totalitarian philosophy of government that glorifies the state and nation and assigns to the state control over every aspect of national life.

11. CHARACTARISTICS • Extreme right-wing ideology • Ultra Nationalism • Class unity not Class struggle • Militarism – Glorification of Force • Use of Violence – suppress opposition • Subordination of individual to the state • Disdain for liberalism, communism, intellectuals, arts

12. CHARACTARISTICS • Secret Police/Censorship • One political party • World Conquest • Anti-capitalistic • Propaganda over truth • Modern technology – “mass politics” to lie & kill • Controlled Mass Media

13. CHARACTARISTICS • Suppressed labor unions • Protected industrial and corporate aristocracy “Corporate State” • Censorship – state controlled mass media • Fraudulent elections, corruption • Cult of Personality

14. CORPORATE STATE • CORPORATE STATE • “Fascism should rightly be called Corporatism, as it is the merger of corporate and government power.” • Fear of Socialism led many industrialists to back Mussolini ($$$$) • Goal – end class conflict, increase production, end strikes • Reality – destroyed workers’ rights

15. RISE TO POWER • WEAK GOV’T= Order rather than some vague social justice • NATIONALISTIC APPEAL= Roman Empire – youth, veterans, army • ECONOMIC DISTRESS= high taxes WWI, unemployment, landless peasants, inflation • FEAR OF COMMUNISM= Bolshevik revolution

16. RISE TO POWER • “Black Shirts”-paramilitary group – ultra nationalists, ex-soldiers • Violently attacked socialists, communists, strikes, labor unions

17. MARCH ON ROME • MARCH ON ROME – 1922 • Threat of a coup d’etat • Victor Emmanuel III appoints Mussolini Prime Minister • Elections laws altered – Fascists won 2/3rds vote • Mussolini ruled by decree – Single Party Dictatorship

18. OPPOSITION • Giacomo Matteotti (1885-1924) • Leader of the United Socialist Party • Led the campaign against Mussolini

19. THE CHURCH • LATERAN ACCORDS (1929) • Pope Pius XI • The creation of The Vatican City • $85 million • “Man of Providence” • “Fascism is a religion. The twentieth century will be known in history as the century of Fascism.” -Mussolini

21. I believe in the high Duce, maker of the Black Shirts, And in Jesus Christ his only protector. Our Savior was conceived by a good teacher and an industrious blacksmith. He was a valiant soldier; he had some enemies. He came down to Rome. On the third day, he reestablished the state. He ascended into the high office. He is seated at the right hand of our Sovereign. From there, he has come to judge Bolshevism. I believe in the wise laws, the Communion of Citizens, the forgiveness of sins, the resurrection of Italy and the eternal force. Amen.

23. CULT OF PERSONALITY • Youth Movement “I believe in Rome, the Eternal, the mother of my country……I believe in the genius of Mussolini…and in the resurrection of the Empire."

24. CULT OF PERSONALITY • Education • “Make Way for Youth” • "War is to the male what childbearing is to the female.“ • “Believe, Obey, Fight” • Women tax credits for more children

25. CULT OF PERSONALITY • Racial Laws 1938 • Social Darwinism • Strong nation vs. weak • Strong race vs. weak • Anti-Semitism?

27. CULT OF PERSONALITY “Let us have a dagger between our teeth, a bomb in our hands, and an infinite scorn in our hearts.”

30. SPANISH CIVIL WAR • (1936-1939) • First Spanish Republic (1873-1887) • Monarchy (1887-1931) • Military Dictatorship (1923-1931) • Second Republic (1931-1936) • Political fragmentation – communists, anarchists, monarchists, fascists, republicans

32. SPANISH CIVIL WAR • Popular Front – Coalition • Francisco Franco (1892-1975) • Caudillo – “Leader” • Spanish General – coup d’etat • Right-Wing Falange Party (Nationalists) • Aided by Mussolini and Hitler • Republicans – supported by Stalin

34. GUERNICA(1937) -Pablo Picasso

35. SPANISH CIVIL WAR • Dress rehearsal for WWII • Tested new weapons • Mussolini sent 70,000 troops (Nationalists) • Hitler sent the latest planes & armaments • Stalin sent volunteers to support the Republican cause • US, FRANCE, GB, - non-intervention

36. Salvador Dali (1936) Soft Construction with Beans

37. FRANCISCO FRANCO • “One State! One Country! One Chief! Franco! Franco! Franco! • Generalisimo “commander in chief” • Criticism = Treason • Universal Suffrage – eliminated • Political Parties outlawed • Catholic Church restored

38. SPANISH CIVIL WAR WAS A DRESS REHEARSAL FOR WWII