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Respiratory system

Respiratory system. By Briana Campbell & Stacie Walker. Function. Obtaining oxygen and removing Carbon Dioxide are the primary functions The entire process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and cells is called respiration http://youtu.be/p4zOXOM6wgE. Air through the Respiratory System .

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Respiratory system

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  1. Respiratory system By Briana Campbell & Stacie Walker

  2. Function • Obtaining oxygen and removing Carbon Dioxide are the primary functions • The entire process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and cells is called respiration • http://youtu.be/p4zOXOM6wgE

  3. Air through the Respiratory System • Nose/Mouth • Nasal Cavity • Nasopharynx • Oropharynx • Laryngopharynx • Larynx • Trachea • Bronchi • Bronchioles • Alveoli • Capillaries of lungs

  4. Major Organs

  5. Nose • Made of bone and cartilage that support the nose • Nostrils are openings for air • First line of defense against contaminants in the air • Any large particulate matter is filtered out by the nose hairs • Separated by nasal septum

  6. Nasal Cavity • Nasal conch divides the nasal cavity into passage ways to help increase the area of the mucous membrane • Filters, warms and moistens incoming air • To maintain good health it is necessary to keep the lower respiratory system warm • Second line of defense • The mucous that coats the lining of the nasal cavity filters out particles that are smaller • Ciliary action carries particles trapped in the mucus to the pharynx where they are swallowed

  7. Paranasal Sinuses • Mucous membrane lines the sinus • Divided into the • frontal • maxillary • sphenoid • ethnoid • Named after the bones they are near

  8. Pharynx • Behind the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx • Passageway for air and food • Air is further purified and filtered to eliminate germs and unwanted chemicals

  9. Larynx • Conducts air and helps prevent foreign objects from entering the trachea • The glottis and epiglottis helps prevent foods and liquids from entering the trachea • Contains vocal cords which vibrate from side to side to produce sounds

  10. Trachea • Often called the windpipe • Little longer than 4 inches • Extends into the thoracic cavity anterior to the esophagus • Divides into the right and left bronchi

  11. Bronchial tree • Branched air passages that lead from the trachea to the air sacs • As tubes get smaller they are called bronchioles • Alveoli are at the distal ends of the narrowest tubes the alveolar ducts

  12. Alveoli

  13. Lungs • Soft spongy and cone shaped • Mediastinum separates to the left and right lungs • Diaphragm and thoracic cage enclose them • Viceral pleura attaches to the surface of the lungs • Each lobe of the lungs is composed of: • Alveoli • Blood vessels • Supporting tissues

  14. Lungs

  15. Breathing Mechanism Inspiration Expiration • Atmospheric pressure forces air into the lungs • Occurs when the pressure inside the alveoli decreases • Breathing in • Elastic recoil of tissues and surface tension within alveoli provide the force for expiration • Thoracic and abdominal wall muscles aid in expiration • Breathing out

  16. Inspiration

  17. Expiration

  18. Respiratory Center • Brain stem and portions of the Pons and Medulla Oblongata • Pneumotaxic regulates breathing rates

  19. Decreased blood oxygen concentration stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies

  20. Respiratory Membrane • Consists of alveolar and capillary walls • Blood and alveolar air exchange gases across the membrane • Inner lining of simple squamous epithelium and a dense network of capillaries

  21. Diffusion • Partial pressure of a gas is proportional to the concentration of that gas in a mixture or the concentration dissolved in a liquid • Gases diffuse from regions of higher partial pressure toward regions of lower partial pressure • Oxygen diffuses from alveolar air into blood • Carbon Dioxide diffuses from blood into alveolar air

  22. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Oxygen Carbon Dioxide

  23. Oxygen • Blood mainly transports oxygen in combination with hemoglobin molecules • The resulting oxyhemoglobin is unstable and releases its oxygen in regions where the PO2 is low • More oxygen is released as the blood concentration of carbon dioxide increases, as blood becomes more acidic, and as the blood temperature increases

  24. Carbon Dioxide • Carbon Dioxide may be carried in solution, bound to hemoglobin, or as a bicarbonate ion • Most carbon dioxide is transported in the form of bicarbonate ions • The enzyme carbonic anhydrase speeds the reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid • Carbonic acid dissociates to release hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions

  25. Gases in the blood

  26. Factors that affect Breathing • Chemicals, stretching of lung tissues, and emotional states affect breathing • Chemosensitive areas are associated with the respiratory center • Blood concentrations of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions influence the central chemoreceptors • Stimulation of these receptors increases breathing rate

  27. Factors that affect Breathing (cont) • Peripheral chemoreceptors are in the walls of certain large arteries • These chemoreceptors sense low oxygen concentration • When oxygen concentration is low, breathing rate increases • Overstretching lung tissues triggers an inflation reflex • This reflex shortens the duration of inspiratory movements • The inflation reflex prevents over inflation of the lungs during forceful breathing

  28. Factors that affect Breathing (cont) • Hyperventilation decreases blood carbon dioxide concentration, but this is very dangerous when done before swimming underwater

  29. Diseases • Asthma- a lung disease characterized by reversible inflammation and constriction • Bronchitis- inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes • Emphysema- condition in which the alveoli are inefficient because of distension • Pneumonia- inflammation of a lung caused by infection, chemical inhalation, or trauma • Tracheostenosis- abnormal narrowing of the trachea

  30. “Roses are red, Violets are blue, without your lungs, your blood would be too” -Susan Ott

  31. Works Cited • Category. "How to Make a Lung Model." Biology. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://biology.about.com/od/biologylabhowtos/ht/lungmodel.htm> • Collins, C. Edward . A Short Course in Medical Terminology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006. Print. • Shier, David, Jackie Butler, and Ricki Lewis. Hole's essentials of human anatomy and physiology. 9th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2006. Print. • Shiland, Betsy J.. "Respiratory System ." Mastering Healthcare Terminology. 2003. Reprint. St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier, 2006. 374-409. Print. • "Textbook Images." Your Page Title. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 May 2013. <http://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0218378151/student_view0/chapter16/textbook_images.html>

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