Immune System Review

1. Immune System Review

2. 26. What is pathogen? • Disease causing organism (germ) 27. How does the skin protect the body? • It prevents pathogens from entering the body. 28. Explain what happens during an inflammatory response (2nd line of defense)? • White blood cells destroy pathogens.

3. 29. How do antibodies work? • They attach to the pathogen and slow them down so they can be destroyed by WBC’s. 30. How are antibodies made? • White blood cells make them. • T-cells tell the B-cells to make them.

4. 31. How are infectious diseases different from noninfectious diseases? • Infectious diseases are caused by a pathogen and can be spread to someone else. • Noninfectious diseases are not caused by a pathogen and cannot be spread. 32. Identify 1 example of an infectious disease. • AIDS, cold, flu, strep throat 33. Identify 1 example of a noninfectious disease. • Cancer, diabetes

5. 34. How does HIV affect the body? • It destroys T- cells so antibodies cannot be produced to fight off pathogens. 35. What is an allergy? • When the body is sensitive to a certain substance. 36. Explain what happens if someone has cancer? • Abnormal cells divide uncontrollably.

6. 37. Explain one difference between active and passive immunity? • Active = permanent, you make your own antibodies • Passive = temporary, get antibodies from another 38. How does a person acquire active immunity to a specific disease? • Get the disease, or get a vaccine. 39. What is a vaccine? • Injection of a dead or week pathogen, so body makes antibodies and memory cells to fight it. 40. Give an example of someone acquiring passive immunity. • Baby getting mother’s antibodies before birth and through breast milk.

7. 41. Explain how wbc’s can protect the body against disease. Wbc’s produce antibodies and memory cells when a pathogen (antigen) enter the body.

8. 42. Give an example of a process that brings about active immunity. Person can come into contact with the pathogen (get sick). A person can get a vaccine.

9. 43.What substances are formed by the human body in response to foreign proteins entering the body? Antibodies

10. 44. An individual who has had chicken pox rarely gets this disease again. What type of immunity is represented? Active Immunity

11. 45. Explain the contents of a vaccine. Dead or weak PATHOGEN

12. 46.How does a measles vaccine protect a child entering school against the measles? • Vaccine is injected. • The body makes antibodies and memory cells. • Antibodies help kill the pathogen. • Memory cells stay to “remember” the pathogen.

13. 47. Which type of immunity is when your body makes the antibodies after recovering from a disease or getting a vaccination? Passive Immunity

14. 48. The immune system of humans may respond to chemicals on the surface of an invading organism. What are these chemicals on the surface called? Explain what will happen once these chemicals enter the body. • Antigens • The body will produce antibodies and memory cells.

15. 49. Which substances may form in the human body due to invaders entering the blood? Antibodies and memory cells.

16. An oversensitivity to a HARMLESS substance. The body makes HISTAMINES. 50. What is an allergy? 51. What occurs when someone experiences an allergic reaction?

17. HIV (virus) • It weakens the immune system (destroys T- cells) so the body cannot fight pathogens well. 52. What pathogen causes AIDS? 53. What is the effect of AIDS on the body?

18. Uncontrolled cell growth • A tumor may form. 54. Describe cancer.

19. 55. Which statement best describes what happens when someone receives a vaccination? The ability to fight disease will increase due to antibodies received from the pathogen. The ability to fight disease caused by the pathogen will increase due to antibody production. The ability to produce antibodies will decrease after the vaccination. The ability to resist most types of diseases will increase.

20. 56. Which activity is not a function of white blood cells in response to a pathogen? engulfing these bacteria producing antibodies to act against this type of bacteria preparing for future invasions of this type of bacteria speeding transmissions of nerve impulses to detect these bacteria

21. 57. The immune system of humans may respond to chemicals on the surface of a pathogen by releasing hormones that break down these chemicals synthesizing antibodies that mark these organisms to be destroyed secreting antibiotics that attach to these organisms altering a DNA sequence in these organisms

22. 58. Vaccinations help prepare the body to fight invasions of a specific pathogen by inhibiting antigen production stimulating antibody production inhibiting white blood cell production stimulating red blood cell production

23. 59. Which statement best describes an immune response? 1. It always produces antibiotics. 2. It usually involves the recognition and destruction of pathogens. 3. It stimulates asexual reproduction and resistance in pathogens. 4. It releases red blood cells that destroy parasites.

24. 60. Which phrase does not describe a way the human body responds to fight disease? (1) destruction of infectious agents by white blood cells (2) production of antibodies by white blood cells (3) increased production of white blood cells (4) production of pathogens by white blood cells

25. 61. A person with AIDS is likely to develop infectious diseases because the virus that causes AIDS (1) destroys cancerous cells (2) damages the immune system (3) increases the rate of antibody production (4) increases the rate of microbe destruction

26. 62. 63.

27. 64. Part of the body’s first line of defense against disease-causing organisms is a. the immune system b. the skin c. antibodies d. interferon

28. 65. Molecules that are foreign to your body are called a. antibodies b. white blood cells c. antigens d. histamines

29. 66. In some individuals, the immune system attacks substances that are usually harmless, resulting in 1. an allergic reaction 2. a form of cancer 3. an insulin imbalance 4. a mutation

30. 67. Infectious diseases are caused by • deficiencies in the diet • Allergies • microscopic organisms that can be transmitted from one organism to another • malfunctioning organs

31. 68. Which substances may form in the human body due to invaders entering the blood? a. nutrients  b. vaccines  c. antibodies d. red blood cells

32. 69. Resistance to a specific disease is a(n) • antibiotic.   b. immunity.   c. white blood cells.   d. addiction 70. Once you have had the chicken pox, it is unlikely that you will ever get the disease again because your body has developed a(n) • passive immunity.  b. addiction.   c. active immunity.   d. antibiotic.

33. 71. Immunity that occurs when a body makes its own antibodies is called _________immunity. a. Passive b. Temporary c. Shortened d. Active 72. An injection of a weakened virus that allows one to develop immunity against a disease is called a a. antibody b. vaccine c. epidemic d. pathogen

34. 73. Which of the following parts of the body's defense system seeks out and destroys bacteria? • mucus  b. white blood cells   c. skin   d. red blood cells