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Immune System

Immune System. Fighting off disease. Immune system. System of blood cells and bodily functions designed to allow you to fight pathogens Pathogen- anything capable of causing disease within your body May be: Virus Bacteria Environmental factor (pollen, etc.) Chemical . Parts of system.

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Immune System

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  1. Immune System Fighting off disease

  2. Immune system • System of blood cells and bodily functions designed to allow you to fight pathogens • Pathogen- anything capable of causing disease within your body • May be: • Virus • Bacteria • Environmental factor (pollen, etc.) • Chemical

  3. Parts of system • Skin • Bone marrow • White blood cells • Lymph (will cover later this week)

  4. The vocabulary • Antigen- A marker on the surface of a cell • Antibody- A marker placed something to mark it for destruction by white blood cells

  5. Non-specific response • Swelling • Allows more blood to reach an area, bringing ability to heal faster • Fever • Higher temperature allows faster WBC production • Temperature is above the optimum operating temperature for the enzymes of many pathogens

  6. Specific response • B/T cell response • Generally targeted at one specific disease • Ex- once memory B cells produced for a virus, you cannot get that virus again because those B cells will remember the antigens on that virus

  7. Reacting to different pathogens • How it works • Once pathogen is killed, a piece of it is brought to site of T-Cells (called presentation). • T cells remember shape, and stimulate killer T and B cell formation

  8. Types of white blood cell • B vs. T white blood cells • T cells • Helper T cells- when a pathogen killed, brought to area where helper T recognizes disease and begins to divide. • Cell makes proteins that stimulate other immune cells to divide • Killer T-Cells- Searches for pieces of receptor on potentially infected cells and kills those cells • B cells- highly specific! Only search for cells that match their receptors • Plasma b-cells- search for matching antigens • Memory B-cells- made later, remember invader

  9. immunizations • Inject pieces of virus into body • Pieces remembered by blood cells, so if any pathogen with that piece enters body, it will be killed • **Cannot get the flu from the flu shot!!! • Once immunized, you are immune to that disease • Nasal spray given with live virus- cannot get nasal spray if you are sick

  10. Immunization vs. booster • Compared to tetanus, which you have to get every 5-10 years… • Tetanus is bacteria • Cannot be immune to bacteria, because only a few shapes of bacteria • Bacteria Clostridium tetani produces toxin that causes muscles to become rigid • Tetanus shot makes your body know to fight that toxin.

  11. allergies • Your body’s set reaction to a stimulus from the environment • Immune system has decided that something is bad when it really is not to most people • Allergy shots- shots of allergen (in small, controlled amounts) make body “used to” allergen so it will not mount the same response • Antihistamines- a histamine reaction stimulates the runny nose and watery eyes reaction from many allergies. Antihistamines repress this reaction, making your reaction less… miserable.

  12. Immune Diseases • Leukemia • HIV/AIDS • Multiple Sclerosis • ALS (Lou Gehrig's Disease)

  13. Leukemia • Cancer of the white blood cells • White blood cells are stuck in mitosis phase of preproduction, so they are unable to move to the stage where they protect you • Treated by- • Chemotherapy- kills off cancerous cells • Bone marrow transplant- gives patient healthy bone marrow to make new white blood cells

  14. HIV/AIDS • Virus attacks white blood cells • Kills white blood cells • Leukemia vs. HIV/AIDS • Both suppress immune system • Leukemia- too many wbc, none can work • HIV/AIDS- too few wbc

  15. Multiple Sclerosis • Autoimmune disease • Your own immune system attacks parts of your body • MS is when your immune system attacks the covering of the nerve cell, making it more difficult for that cell to send a signal somewhere in your body

  16. ALS • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis OR Lou Gehrig’s Disease • Rapid attack of motor neurons ONLY (compared to MS attacking all nerves), causes muscles to stop receiving signals • Results in muscle rigidity and muscle dystonia • Usually results in death in less than 5 years.

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