ELECTRONIC SECURITY OF CRITICAL SITES RELATING TO HOMELAND DEFENSE

1. ELECTRONIC SECURITY OF CRITICAL SITES RELATING TO HOMELAND DEFENSE By Brian M. Jones

2. Homeland Defense • Due to events of 9/11/01, Homeland Defense was formed quickly to address concerns of security at critical sites • Comprised of officers to safeguard facilities such as power plants and water treatment facilities • Each facility guarded by two officers seven days a week from hours of 8pm-6am • Other “soft targets” monitored by “rover units”

3. Problems with HD: Identify • HD formed too quickly to adequately train officers to secure critical sites • Many sites too large to secure with only two officers • Because of no activity, officers became susceptible to fatigue, boredom; often fell asleep • Rover units unable to adequately secure “soft targets”, as they were only checked periodically during the night

4. Problems with HD: Identify • Officers felt as if they were “highly paid security guards”, not professional officers • Vacation not available; forced to use sick time • Because many officers taken from patrol, shifts left shorthanded • Added to the existing problem of increased response time

5. Homeland Defense: Analyze – Why do they apply? • Job Design-officers need training to understand role and perform duties • Skill Variety-high growth need officers sit in car all night with no activity • Task Identity-no clearly defined role • Task Significance-officer does not believe his/her function is important to the goal • Equity-officers taken from patrol feel slighted; feel other officers performing “real police work”

6. Homeland Defense: Analyze – Why do they apply? • Expectancy-”If I try, can I perform well”; officers feel no effort involved in watching facility • Instrumentality-good job does not result in reward; officers feel stuck in HD, no vacation • Valence-no intrinsic value in job well done • Cohesion-officers see no link between themselves and patrol; no interaction

7. Homeland Defense: Action Plan • Install electronic security/surveillance equipment that would adequately observe facility without the use of manned personnel • Use HD officers for other purposes • LCRA model as an example

8. State of the art dome with wide dynamic range,continuous autofocus, high speed pan/tilt capabilities Infrared mode Alarm capability Able to be operated through cable lines Sensormatic Speedome Ultra VI • 16 channel power supply needed to operate cameras • Cost: $5000, including installation

9. Intelligent Digital Recorder Combines multiplexing, recording, alarm/event detection Records up to 16 cameras at once With software, can provide DVD video clips to police INTELLEX DV16000 • Would eliminate VCR, multiplexer, and motion detector in traditional systems • Cost: $8000

10. Variable speed functions Twist-to-zoom joystick for pan/tilt/zoom control of cameras Alarm feature that sounds when cameras detect breech in security Cost: $1500 AD 2088 Controller

11. High performance, 21 inch, color monitor Able to view 8 to 16 cameras at one time Cost: $600 AD 9421 Monitor

12. Equipment Need For Facility Security • Example of large site such as Holly Street Power Plant or Ulrich water treatment facility • 32 Sensormatic Speedome Ultra VI cameras • 2 multi channel power supplies

13. Equipment Needed For Dispatch/Monitoring Station • 2 Intellex DV 16000 recording platforms • 2 AD 9421 color monitors • 1 AD 2088 controller • Station can be installed at alternate location

14. Total Cost Of Equipment • 32 cameras • 2 multi channel power supplies • 2 recording platforms • 2 color monitors • 1 camera controller • Total cost of equipment = $179,300

15. Cost For Police Personnel • Based on APD pay scale, 2 year officer receives $46,750 per year • Does not include cost of police vehicle and its maintenance • Does not include overtime paid to an officer working at facility when normally assigned officer is on vacation or sick • Figure is variable, due to fact that senior officers receive higher salary • Total cost for 4 officers securing facility 7 days a week for one year: $187,000

16. Action Plan • Because vast majority of HD officers no longer required, most could be sent back to patrol • This would help alleviate problem of increased response time • Officers left on HD Unit could be available to answer calls to facility • Officers could receive training to be first responders • Could involve training with hazardous materials teams, containment of area, rapid response

17. Action Plan • Vertical loading of new responsibilities would address equity and expectancy issues • Due to adequate training, and a clear objective, increased instrumentality would be achieved • Increased expectancy achieved with confidence that sites are adequately secured without valued manpower • Job redesign: while not tending to needs of facility, could be allowed to serve as backup for patrol on traffic stops and non-priority calls

18. Action Plan • Combining of tasks would increase skill variety, task significance, and autonomy • Would also assist in decreasing response time • Strategy would facilitate cohesion between HD officers and patrol • Civil Defense personnel could be used to monitor surveillance system and call police to scene of facility if needed

19. Homeland Defense: Assess • Supervisors of HD Unit can be surveyed as to morale of officers • Rate of vacation and sick time can be analyzed to see if officers are appearing for work on regular basis • Response time can be assessed to see if a reduction has been achieved • Personnel monitoring surveillance equipment can be conferred with to determine if equipment is working adequately and viewing facility properly