KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.

1. KEY CONCEPTCarbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.

2. Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties. • Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms. • Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures. • straight chain • branched chain • ring

3. Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together. • Monomers are the individual subunits. • Polymers are made of many monomers.

4. Integrating Chemistry – Types of reactions • Some polymers form through a process of dehydration, that is, a molecule of water is released as one or more monomer bonds to another. One provides a hydrogen (H) and the other provides a hydroxyl group (OH). • Some polymers can also be broken down in a reverse reaction called hydrolysis. The bonds between the monomers are broken by the addition of water molecules (H2O).

5. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. • Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. • C, H and O are combined in a ratio of 1:2:1

6. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. • 1. Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. • Carbohydrates include sugars and starches. • Monosaccharides are simple sugars like glucose and fructose. • Disaccharides include sucrose, maltose and lactose • Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, and glycogen.

7. Polymer (starch) Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. Starch is made and stored by plants. They break it down for energy. Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure. It is used and the building block of plant cell structure. It is the tough outer covering of plant cells. Polymer (cellulose) monomer • Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells (starch and glycogen). Glycogen is made by animals and stored in their liver. • Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure (cellulose).

8. Triglyceride • 2. Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol. • Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids. • Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol.

9. broken down as a source of energy (fats and oils) • make up cell membranes (phospholipids and cholesterol) • Lipids have several different functions. • used to make hormones (cholesterol makes steroid hormones like testosterone and estrogen)

10. Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids. • saturated fatty acids (common in animal fats) • unsaturated fatty acids

11. Phospholipid • Phospholipids make up all cell membranes. • Polar phosphate “head” • Nonpolar fatty acid “tails” How would the polar head of a phospholipid respond to water molecules? How would the nonpolar tails respond to water molecules?

12. Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. • They are the most varied of the carbon-based molecules and function in movement, eyesight or digestions and many other things. • 3. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. Fig. Serine is one of 20 amino acids that make up proteins in organisms

13. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. • Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups. • Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.

14. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. • Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds. • Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. • Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.

15. hydrogen bond Hemoglobin • Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape. Primary structure (amino acid chain), secondary structure (folds, alpha or beta), tertiary structure (overall shape). • Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids. • Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function.

16. Hemoglobin and Sickle Cell Anemia • Hemoglobin in red blood cells transports oxygen. Just one amino acid change causes red blood cells to have the curved shape characteristic of sickle cell anemia. (colored SEM; magnification 3500 X)

17. 4. Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. • They carry detailed instructions to build proteins.

18. nitrogen-containing molecule,called a base A phosphate group deoxyribose (sugar) • Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. • Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.

19. DNA RNA • Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. • DNA stores genetic information. • Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. • RNA builds proteins. Apply: What is the relationship between proteins and nucleic acids?