Chapter 12

1. Chapter 12 Renaissance and Reformation 1350-1600

2. What is the Renaissance? p- 344 - The Renaissance was a time of creativity and change in many areas- political, social, economic and cultural. - Most important- changes that took place in the way people viewed themselves and their world Renaissance – “rebirth” This era (1300’s and 1400’s) was a time of rebirth after the disorder and disunity of the medieval world Renaissance

3. Renaissance Origin-Italy • Florence- (similar to Athens) - Intellectual, writers, artist, thinkers - money - military Why? • Italy was the center of ancient Roman history • Italy’s cities had survived the Middle Ages.

4. What are the most important characteristics of the Renaissance? • Italy was largely an urban (powerful City-states) society. Within this society was a secular(worldly) view point. • Was an age of recovery from the disasters of the 14th century. (plague, political instability, and a decline of church power) • New view of human beings emerged. Individual ability became important. Well rounded, universal person was emphasized, like Leonardo da Vinci. (he was a painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, and mathematician)

5. The Italian States • Italy had failed to develop a centralized monarchical state (not a strong ruler). So there was a number of city-states, three of them-Milan, Venice, and Florence, expanded and played crucial roles. They prospered from a growing trade.

6. The Three Cities • Milan was one of the richest city-states. • Venice was a link between Asia and western Europe. Led by a group of wealthy merchant-aristocrats. • Florence dominated the region of Tuscany. Florence was very successful in wars against neighbors. Controlled by Medici family and especially Cosimo de Medici. Later Lorenzo de Medici would dominate when Florence was the cultural center of Italy.

7. Medici Family- Patron of the Arts(financial supporter of the arts) • In the 1400’s, the Medici family of • Florence organized a banking business • that prospered into other businesses. • The Medici family became the • uncrowned rulers of the Florentine • government for many years. Lorenzo Medici represented the Renaissance idea. He was a generous patron and under him, poets and philosophers frequently visited the Medici family palace.

8. Italian Wars Attracted to riches in Italy, 30 years of war between France and Spain. Spain sacked Rome in 1527 and resulted in Spanish domination in Italy.

9. Machiavelli on Power Niccolo Machiavelli, in his book “The Prince,” described political power in Italy. He told how to acquire and keep political power. He believed that morality had little to do with politics. Attitude toward power must be based on an understanding of human nature, which he was basically self-centered. A prince must be willing to let his conscience sleep he should act on the behalf of the state.

10. Machiavelli“How to Succeed in Politics” Niccolo MachiavelliStatesman and Political Philosopher 1469 - 1527   No enterprise is more likely to succeedthan one concealed from the enemyuntil it is ripe for execution.                                  —Machiavelli from The Art of War • Whatever the form of government, Machiavelli held, only success and glory really matter. • Do whatever it takes to get to the top. • Ruthless

11. Renaissance Society Had Three Estates of People • The First was the Clergy • The second was Nobility • Many nobles had experienced declining income yet still had retained their lands and titles. They were expected to fulfill certain ideas. “The Book of the Courtier,” by Castiglione says nobles were born, not made, must have character, grace, and talent; had to be a warrior and follow a certain standard of conduct. The aim of nobles was to serve his prince in an effective and honest way.

12. Castiglione- WriterIdea:You should be smart in all subjects but not too smart or good at any one subject. • In 1528, the year before his death, the book by which he is most famous, The Book of the Courtier , was published. It describes the ideal court and courtier. The book defined the ideal Renaissance gentleman. The prettier you are on outside, matches how you are on inside.

13. Three Estates Con’t • The third estate was the Peasants and Towns People. • Peasants were still 85-90% of population. Many were becoming legally free in Western Europe.

14. Three Estates Con’t • Townspeople also made up the third estate. • patricians-wealth from trade, industry, and banking • burghers-shopkeepers, artisans, guild masters, and guild members. • workers and unemployed, 30-40% of population

15. Family and Marriage Family bond was the source of great security. Arranged marriages were common. Marriage contracts included a dowry. Father-husband was center of family, he had complete authority. Children became adults when their fathers went before a judge to free them.

16. Johannes Gutenberg • Invented movable type and printed the Gutenberg Bible. Led to the rise of literacy and to the spreading of ideas during the Renaissance.

17. Section 1 Review • Renaissance means what? • Rebirth • What are the most important characteristics of the Renaissance? • Urban society • An age of recovery from plagues, political upheaval, and decline of Church authority. • A higher regard for the value of the individual human.

18. Section 1 Review • The Book of the Courtier was written by who? • Castiglione • Means worldly? • Secular • This book said a noble should fulfill certain ideas, perform military exercises, and gain a classical education. • The Book of the Courtier

19. Section 1 Review • Sum of money given to the groom by the wife’s family. • Dowry • Political work by Machiavelli • The Prince • He encouraged rulers and would-be rulers to believe that human nature was self-centered. • Machiavelli

20. Section 1 Review • The city-state that was led by a group of wealthy merchant-aristocrats was what? • Venice • Turning point that caused Charles VIII of France to lose the Italian wars. • The invasion and sack of Rome in 1537 • How did the printing press contribute to the Renaissance? • It brought renewed interest in learning and culture, spread ideas faster and more widely then ever before.

21. Section 2 Ideas and Art

22. What movement was at the heart of the Renaissance? • At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as ___________.

23. Humanism- dealing with everyday life, worldly tangible ideas rather than spiritual or religious ideas • Questioned everything • Education- learn as much as you can about the world around us- stimulate the individual’s creative powers. • Realism- perspective, anatomy, shading, oil paint

24. Petrach has often been called the father of Italian Renaissance humanism, did more than any other individual to foster the development of humanism. (He began the emphasis ofIdeas and Art of the Renaissance using pure Latin.) He described the intellectual life as one of solitude. Francesco Petrarch

25. Vernacular Literature • Some writers wrote in the Vernacular.(language spoken in their own regions)

26. Dante Wrote in Italian vernacular the Divine Comedy. Was a story of the soul’s journey to salvation. The poem had three sections; Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven/Paradise. Divine Comedy Dante Aligheri

27. Chaucer Used English vernacular in writing The Canterbury Tales. A collection of stores by pilgrims journeying to the tomb of St. Thomas Beckett at Canterbury, England. Portrayed a range of English society.

28. Christine de Pizan French women who wrote “The Book of the City of Ladies,” argued that women could learn as well as men if they could attend the same schools.

29. Cervantes • Spanish • Wrote “Don Quixote”- about Medival Chivalry

30. Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet • 37 plays= comedies and tragedies • Sonnets • poems

31. Renaissance Education Renaissance humanists believed that education could dramatically change human beings. Wrote books on education and open schools based on their ideas. At the core of these schools were the liberal studies. According to the humanist, students should study history, moral philosophy, rhetoric, letters, poetry, mathematics, astronomy, and music. They also emphasized the physicaleducation. Humanist educators thought the humanist education was a practical preparation for life. Its theme was to create complete citizens.

32. What are some examples of art or literature during the Renaissance?

33. Renaissance artists to imitate nature. • New Techniques in Painting. • Frescoes are in the first masterpieces of the early renaissance. A fresco is a painting done with fresh plaster and water based paint. These paintings introduced the laws of perspective and a new realistic style. (3-D) Artist also began to investigate the movement of human anatomy.

34. da Vinci, “Adoration of the Magi”

35. Perspective study for “Adoration of the Magi”

36. “Mona Lisa”Leonardo da Vinciinventor, anatomy, notes backwards,(had to read in a mirror) dissected humans.

37. Leonardo da Vinci, “Last Supper” Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan, Italy

38. “Last Supper” Perspective

39. Biblical shepherd who • killed the giant Goliath • Recalls the harmony • and grace of ancient • Greek tradition Michelangelo’s “David”

40. Michelangelo’s Detail

41. Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel

42. Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel

43. Raphael’s “School of Athens”Imaginary gathering of great thinkers and scientists.

44. Raphael’s “School of Athens” Clockwise: Plato (Leonardo), Aristotle, Raphael, Michelangelo

45. SofonisbaAnguissola • Towards the end of the Renaissance, Italian noblewoman Sofonisba Anguissola (1532 - 1625) became the first female artist to reach international fame. She was so famous, in fact, that most of her paintings that still exists today are self-portraits. Her innovative portraits are best noted for their warm colors, crisp details, and the highly expressive eyes.

46. New Techniques Con’t • Sculpture and Architecture. • The sculptor Donatellostudied the statues of the Greeks and Romans. The architect Fillippo Brunelleschi (BROO nuhl EHS kee)once inspired by the buildings of classical Rome. His church designs included classical columns and rounded arches. Artist, sculptors, and architects sought to reflect a human centered world.

47. Filippo Brunelleschi • One of the figures responsible for the development of the Renaissance style in Florence, his chief work is the dome of the cathedral there. Erected between 1420 and 1461, it is (measured diametrically) the largest in the world, and served as the model for Michelangelo's design for St Peter's in Rome.

48. Renaissance 100 years to get to Northern Europe

49. The Northern Artistic Renaissance • The artists of Northern Europe became interested in the Renaissance but their approach was different than the Italians. • Northern Europeans painted illustrations for books and wooden panels for alter pieces. The most important northern school of art was in Flanders. • Jan van Eyck was among the first to use and perfect the technique of oil painting. This type of painting could use a wider variety of brilliant colors. • Albrecht Durer, a German was greatly affected by the Italians. He made trips to Italy and borrowed a great deal of what the Italians knew. He tried to achieve the standard of ideal beauty that was based on a careful examination of the human form.

50. Van Eyck BrothersJan and Hubert • Oil paintings of daily life - oil last longer - takes longer to dry, shading -does not look so flat, movement