Gunpowder Empires, land-based

1. Gunpowder Empires, land-based • Ottoman Empire 1299-1923 • Safavid Empire 1501-1722 • Mughal Empire 1524-1857 • Qing Dynasty 1644-1912 • Tokugawa Japan 1333-1868

2. Gunpowder… • First used in warfare by Chinese in 10th century • Used by Ming dynasty in artillery against Mongols. • Spread to Mongols and then to the Middle East and Europe.

3. Characteristics • Land-based : spread out into contiguous territory from a “home base” (compare to maritime empires based out of Europe) • Reliance on infantry • Land-grant military systems • Cost of militaries = increased centralization • Huge investment

4. What were the effects of the trade and spread of gunpowder and firearms? • Growth of large empires • Made existing castles obsolete • Use of horses and cavalry in battle became less important • Armies became much larger • Beginning of national unity and patriotism • Power of aristocracy declined • War casualties (soldiers & civilians) much higher

5. Islamic Flowering: Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal • Vast, diverse Muslim world was extremely advanced culturally, economically, and technologically • Flowering of culture as in the Abbasid Caliphate era

6. From 1300 to 1700, three “gunpowder empires” dominated parts of Europe, Africa, & Asia The Safavid Empire The Mughal Empire The Ottoman Empire

7. Ottoman Empire • Muslim Turks of Anatolia unified under Osman 1 in 1300. • Ottoman forces conquered Constantinople in 1453 ce • By the late 1600s the empire expanded across the Middle East, North Africa, and Eastern Europe. • Golden Age under Suleiman the Magnificent.

8. Ottoman Empire • Devshirme: Blood tax where the Ottomans would kidnap or take Christian boys and raise them as able soldiers or government bureaucrats called Janissaries, slave class. • Not allowed to have children. • Elite military force and government force allowed the empire to keep its land holdings for centuries.

9. Ottoman Empire • Millet system: Christians and Jews lived in their own autonomous communities as long as they paid a tax called the jizya. • Ottomans were Sunni Muslims and were not focused on converting peoples. • Turk culture blended with conquered peoples who were treated well.

10. Decline of Ottoman Empire • Incapable leaders fearful of losing power, often killed better heirs. • Oppressive policies & taxation peasant discontent and rebellion • Janissaries revolt and take more power. • Economic decline - illegal trade, inflation • Naval power defeated in Spain and Italy (Battle of Lepanto - 1571) • Dissolved with the creation of the nation of Turkey in 1923, after World War I

11. SAFAVID EMPIRE (1501-1722) • Ismai’ilSaf al-Din took Iran and created an empire based on Shiite Islam. • Rulers known as Shahs (Persian for ‘King) • No religious freedom; convert to Shi’a Islam or die. • Shiites kills Sunnis in Safavid Empire • Sunnis kill Shiites in Ottoman Empire

12. Golden Age of Shah Abbas: 1587 • Cultural blending w/Ottoman, Persian & Arab worlds and architecture • Chinese artisans arrive and help build up capital of Isfahan. • Persian carpets best product. • Military reforms (Persian & Christian armies created) • Modern weaponry • Punished corruption, emphasized loyalty

13. Safavid Decline and Fall • Shahs had family members killed to keep others from claiming power. • Tribal armies from Afghanistan took over eastern territory. • Ottomans began taking western territory. • Safavids died politically, but never culturally - left behind a strong Persian cultural legacy

14. Mughal Empire • Mixed Turk and Mongol peoples arrive in India with Tamerlane. • Babur the Tiger founds empire in 1526. • Muslim minority tries to govern a Hindu majority. • Brought unity to India for first time since Gupta Empire fell.

15. Akbar • Greatest leader: Akbar (1556-1605) • Ended the jizya tax on Hindus • Created a fair tax system • Complex government bureaucracy with diversity among officers. • Created a new religion called the Divine Faith (Din-i-ilahi), a syncretic faith combining Islam, Hinduism, Christianity, and Zoroastrianism. • Blending of Hindu, Turkish, Persian, and Muslim styles and customs.

16. Women and Mughals • Women held in high regard by Mughal leaders. • Given elaborate and rich tombs and décor. • Mughal ruler SharJahan had the TajMahal built as a memorial for his beloved wife. • Blended styles , architecture, and riches from Persia, India and the Turks.

17. Aurangzeb • Aurangzeb (1658-1707) reversed policies of Akbar. • Forced conversion of Hindus to Islam • Brought back the Jizya tax • Removed Hindus from government roles • Attacked and destroyed Hindu temples. • Constant wars drained empire’s treasury.

18. Decline and Fall • Local lords take power over time. • Rebellions begin as taxes increase. • Famine causes peasant revolts. • No strong ruler after Aurangzeb • Trade with Europeans opened Mughals to British influence and eventual colonization in 1858.

19. Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) to Qing Dynasty • Climate change – poor harvests, famine from Little Ice Age. • Uprisings by Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong end Ming control. • China absorbed most of world’s silver from trade- high inflation. • Heavy taxation • Economic depression • Manchus help Ming defeat Japanese in Korea, Manchus take peninsula and then invade weakened China.

21. Qing Dynasty China Emperor Qianlong Ruled 1736-1796 • Manchus could present themselves as Confucian rulers • Ming had been very corrupt • Manchus were accepted by the Chinese people as legitimate rulers. • Literary Inquisition • 2,000 anti-Manchu titles destroyed and many scholars punished • China restricted trade with Europeans who then ignored demands.

22. Qing Dynasty Decline • Empire too large to control • Population explosion (no epidemics, internal peace and food from America) • Grand Canal silts up, deforestation • Corrupt Merit System • Opium Wars make China a puppet for European interests. • Taiping Rebellion weakened central government. • Sino-Japanese War ends China’s influence in Asia, shifts to Japan.

23. What could have happened! • China could have become a great colonial power and could have led the world economically BUT • Europe had advantages • New World resources • Excess population → Americas • Joint stock companies • State backing of trading companies • Competition between nations drove economic success

25. Tokugawa Japan • Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616) took control over the daimyo and set up a Shogunate to run a unified Japan in 1603. • Expelled Christians and had many murdered. • Was popular among the elite. • Threatened power of Shogun • Neo-Confucianism flourishes in Japan. • Japan isolated itself from the world and did not trade with Europeans.

26. Tokugawa Japan • Privately owned guns banned. • Merchant class became rich. • Art and literature flourished in Japan. • Kabuki acting became popular. • Haiku poetry • Education among farmers and merchants began with a focus on Japanese national traditions. • Rice was key: could be used as currency and used to pay Daimyo and samurai, also brewed for Sake.

27. Culture- “Floating Worlds” In the cicada's cryNo sign can foretellHow soon it must die. • Into this Ukiyo, the “floating world,” any man from any class who had the money and was willing to spend it could go. • There he could find release from the restrictions, the duties, and the drabness of medieval society. • Here, geisha, who might be prostitutes, but were also accomplished actresses, musicians, and conversationalists, held court nightly.

28. Safavid Art- Ornate Persian Rugs

29. Mughal Empire- Syncretic Art, Persian MiniaturesPersian miniatures had Hindu and Buddhist influences Thirst in night Love on a Boat at Night A Royal Mughal Court

30. Mughal Syncretic Architecture

31. Qing Art – the Four Wangs! Imitation of Ming style was encouraged. Large-scale landscapes, flower-and-bird compositions, and figural narratives were particularly favored as images that would glorify the new dynasty

32. Japanese Art- Ukiyo-e • Ukiyo-e "pictures of the floating world", is a genre of Japanese woodblock prints • featuring motifs of landscapes, tales from history, the theatre and pleasure quarters.

33. Self-defense extremely important Prone to attacks; land and sea routes Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, Russian, Manchu Relatively large Expensive Focused on agricultureand notindustry Many were located in arid & uninhabitable area Involved in forced labor no longer in WE Power was centralized Collected taxes through tax farming system Between 1500 and 1800 had the largest administrative and economic systems because they were more of a threat to each other Few strategic concerns – defending empire could be costly Limited military confrontations Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, French, British Relatively small Widely spread out territory from mother country Self-sufficient -- mercantilism Settled in in profitable areas Involved in forced labor Increasingly brutal Power “divided” amongst lands Benefited from private investors or joint-stock companies Land Based Sea Based

34. Discussion! • Why do you think, long-term, that sea power was more effective than land-based empires?