Intro- The Cold War

1. Intro- The Cold War • 1945- WWII ends with USA dropping nuclear weapons on Japan. • USSR and USA have been allied against Hitler but actually hate and mistrust one another • The next 60 years of history will be dominated by this hatred and suspicion. It is known as the Cold War because the USA and USSR never directly fought one another BUT dominated fighting in many areas of the world.

2. The USA believed in Capitalism whilst the USSR believed in Communism. The two systems were completely opposed. Both the USA and USSR were military superpowers that wanted to use their strength and influence to dominate the globe. The USA already had influence and control over South America and much of Asia. The USSR had control over their own massive territory and Eastern European countries that it controlled since 1945. In 1947 the USA pledged to protect the world from the spread of Communism- this was known as the Truman Doctrine or the policy of Containment. However in 1949 China became Communist and the USA became massively concerned about the growing threat of Communism in Asia. In 1945 Korea had been divided into two. The north was Communist and supported by the USSR whilst the South was Capitalist and supported by the USA. When the north attacked the south in 1950 it was inevitable that the USA would get involved. Most Americans believed in the Domino Theory- that if one country fell to Communism its neighbours would follow suit.

3. Conflict and Tension in Asia Work Booklet 1950-1975 What was the Truman Doctrine? What was the Domino Theory? What did Korean Nationalists want? In what year was Korea liberated from Japanese control? In what year did Truman begin the policy of containment? In what year did China become Communist? In what year did US and Russian troops leave Korea? When did North Korean attack the south? Give 3 reasons why Kim Il Sung made this decision? Timeline- The Cold War in Asia 1945- World War II ends. Korea is divided along the 38th parallel. The French try to re-establish control of Vietnam now that Japan has surrendered. 1947- Harry Truman commits the US to fighting against Communism- The Truman Doctrine 1948- the last Russian and US troops leave Korea 1949- China becomes Communist but the UN refuses to recognise the new government. 1950- June- North Korea invades the south. Sept- UN forces land at Pusan and Inchon led by General MacArthur. China joins the war in October.

4. What proves that Kim Il Sung was a nationalist? What proves that Syngman Rhee was a nationalist?

5. How Nationalistic were Koreans? • Had been ruled by Russia, China or Japan for the last 200 years. • Had been a Japanese colony since 1910. • Japanese rule had been harsh and Japanese treated Koreans as inferior. • Most Koreans were poor peasant farmers. A few were rich landowners. Many Koreans were attracted to Communism because it offered them more hope. • When the USSR and USA liberated Korea from the Japanese in 1945 and divided along the 38th parallel Koreans were not consulted. • Most Koreans hoped for a united and independent Korea soon. • At first the Americans in the south worked alongside the Japanese and seemed friendly with them- this angered many Koreans • In the south the new Korean government led by Syngman Rhee was full of right-wing, rich Korean’s that had previously worked for the Japanese government. Nationalists hated them and the new Rhee government. • Rhee’s government was corrupt, oppressive and cruel. Very unpopular with Nationalists yet the US continued to support him. Most of the south Korean police were brutal and ruthless and had been trained by the Japanese. • The UN Temporary Commission on Korea met in Seoul 12 Jan 1948 said there should be UN supervised elections in Korea to create a new government , give Korea independence and US and USSR troops should withdraw. The Russians and North Koreans rejected this saying elections would be rigged!! What did most Koreans hope for after 1945?

6. Stalin was the leader of the USSR from 1922-1953 he was a tyrannical Communist dictator who had briefly allied with the US to fight Hitler in WWII but believed that Russia should dominate the globe and be the world’s only super-power. Under his leadership the Russian Red Army took control of most of Eastern Europe, developed nuclear weapons and encouraged and supported Communist expansion in Asia. The Cold War Both the Korean War and the Vietnam War are examples of the Cold War in Asia. The Cold War refers to the rivalry and tension between the USA and Communist countries between 1945 and 1989. At the end of World War II the uneasy alliance between the USA and USSR fell apart as the USSR took control of more and more land in Eastern Europe. In the 1950s and 60s this tension was particularly bad as China became Communist in 1949 and the USA was worried that all of Asia might fall to Communism. Communists believe that the government should control all ownership of land, assets and businesses. They usually achieve this through violent revolution and by overthrowing democracies. The US was a supporter of capitalism and democracy and President Truman had committed the US to fighting against the spread of Communism in 1947. • How was the USSR involved in Korea? • The USSR had established Kim Il-Sung in charge of North Korea and gave him funding, weapons and military advice. • In 1949 Stalin had advised Kim Il-Sung that the time was not yet right for an invasion of the south. • April 1950 Stalin gave Kim the go-ahead for an invasion of the south. The USSR would supply weapons, training and finance but would not send Russian troops. By now Stalin thought that the USA would not get involved • Stalin promised that the USSR would provide all the weapons that China would need if they too got involved in the war. Russian Mig-15 jets (far superior to US jets of the time) were painted with the Chinese flag and Russian pilots ordered not to speak in Russian to hide their involvement. • March 1953 Stalin died and his replacement Khrushchev was less keen to support China and North Korea. This helped bring the war finally to an end.

7. Why did the US get involved in this war? 2. Why and how did the USSR get involved in this war? 3. Why did China matter? 4. Why was the North Korean army in such a strong position?

8. Why did the UN agree to send troops to Korea? • The USSR was boycotting the Security Council of the UN (the body that decides if troops should be sent to fight) The USSR were protesting because the UN had refused to recognise Communist China. The other countries on the Security Council were all anti-Communist. • The UN was supposed to be a peace keeping force and could send troops in to protect countries from aggressors. In this case North Korea was seen as the aggressor and so the resolution to send troops that was passed by the Un was intended to help South Korea- this was known as a police action. • 16 different UN countries sent troops although US troops dominated. 50% of the ground troops, 86% of naval forces and 93% of the air force were in fact from the US. • The Commander In Chief of the UN forces was the American General Douglas MacArthur. The United Nations was set up after WWII in 1945. It not the first international peace keeping organisation in history. After WWI a League of Nations had been set up to keep the peace and work together to improve the world BUT the League of Nations had no power to call an army to defend a country. As a consequence the League of Nations failed to prevent Japan, Italy and Germany from invading other countries in the 1930s. The war in Korea was the first chance for the UN to prove that it was not the same as the L of N and that it would send troops to protect countries if the Security Council of the UN were unanimous in their agreement for the need to send troops. How could you argue that the UN was a m ore effective peace-keeping organisation than the League of Nations had been?

9. President Truman declared his support for South Korea on 25th June 1950. Truman called for an emergency meeting of the UN Security Council to discuss the invasion. The UN Security Council met 2 days later and decided to send troops to support South Korea when the North Koreans refused to stop their advance. The USSR could have vetoed this decision but they were boycotting the UN for its failure to let the new Communist government of China into the UN. What was important about the Russian boycott of the UN?

10. When the N. Koreans attacked the south in June 1950 how far had they got to by September? 2. In September where did US troops land? 3. Which capital city was re-taken by the UN troops? 4. In what month did the UN troops cross the 38th parallel? 5. Who did this anger and why? 6. Why could you argue that the Chinese army was very effective? 7. When and where was the Peace Treaty finally signed? April 1951- MacArthur is sacked by Truman who believes that MacArthur has become too reckless in his approach to China and too publicly critical of Truman. Peace talks begin. 27th July 1953- after 2 more years of fighting but with no real ground gained on either side ( and another 1 million dead mostly Korean people.) A peace treaty is finally signed at Panmunjom.

11. On September 15th 1950 the UN led by General MacArthur landed 75,000 troops, mostly marines at Inchon miles behind enemy lines and close to the capital city of Seoul. It was a very daring landing that gave the UN troops a very strong position inside South Korea and not far from the 38th parallel. The Inchon landings were very difficult to achieve and required meticulous planning. The fact that this was such a huge success added to the idea of General MacArthur as a great war hero. Within 2 days the UN troops were able to re-capture Seoul from the control of the North Koreans and by the end of the month they were crossing the border into North Korea. At the same time the attack relieved pressure on the troops held down in Pusan enabling them to break out and head north. This represented the end of the North Korean advance on the south. On a scrap piece of paper draw a sketch- map of Korea labelling the 38th parallel, Pyongyang, border with China, Seoul, Inchon and Pusan. Practise this until you can do it without looking at the map above.

12. Source A-An American political cartoon from July 1950. Study Source A Source A supports the idea that Communism was a threat to the world. How do you know? (4 marks) Exam Practice Questions 1 and 2 of 4

13. The Inchon landings had been so successful that by the end of September the UN troops led by MacArthur were able to cross the 38th parallel into North Korea. This action was an important turning point in the war. The UN presence in Korea was no longer a police action to keep the peace and protect South Korea but an aggressive invasion into North Korea and yet the UN did not order MacArthur to stop and the majority of US public opinion at the time thought that the UN should continue into North Korea until the Communist regime was destroyed there. There were many reasons why this decision was made. On the diagram below shade in factors that are military in one colour and factors that are political in another. The communist Chinese repeatedly warned the UN and the USA that they would fight to protect North Korea if the UN troops crossed the 38th parallel but MacArthur thought this was just talk. The UN troops made rapid progress north and were at the Chinese border, along the Yalu river by the end of October. MacArthur even went so far as to bomb bridges across the Yalu river and seemed keen to continue the war into China itself. By the end of October at least 250,000 Chines e troops had crossed into North Korea. Mighty China had now entered the war.

14. Why did China get involved? China had repeatedly warned the US and UN not to invade North Korea. The day after the UN troops crossed the 38th parallel Chairman Mao ordered his forces to prepare for war. Truman thought they were bluffing and MacArthur seemed to welcome a war with Communist China. Was Mao’s decision to send troops mostly for self-defence? • UN troops had invaded North Korea and were at the Yalu river (border with China. • MacArthur had ordered the bombing of bridges across the Yalu. • Manchuria (the region of China just above Korea was the main source of hydro-electric damns and power for China- needed to be protected at all costs. • Chairman Mao issued a statement to his Ministers on October 13th 1950 saying that he was convinced that UN troops would cross the border. • The new Communist regime was not yet in total control of China- a threat from UN troops could de-stabilise things still further. • Chinese ministers were also convinced that the US would use control of Korea to start blockading China and force the Communists out of power. • Chinese troops hope to establish a buffer zone in North Korea to protect the Chinese border. Why could you argue that China was afraid of the UN troops?

15. Did Mao mostly want to spread Communism? • Communist leaders were convinced a clash with the US was inevitable at some point- earlier might be better than later. • Korea seemed like an easier geographical target to spread Communism to than other countries in Asia. • War in Korea would set up Communist China as a leading Communist nation even more influential than USSR in Asia. Did China have something to prove? • The UN had refused to recognise the new Communist China • The US and Britain seemed to believe that Communism would not last in China! • The US resolution NSC68 meant a clash between the US and China at some point was likely so Korea was a good opportunity to prove Chinese commitment to Communism. • The Communist army was called the People’s Volunteer Army to suggest that most Chinese were fiercely loyal to Communism. Which of the 3 reasons do you think was the main reason Mao decided to fight against the UN in Korea? Explain your answer.

16. Practice Exam Question 3) Write an account of how the Korean War became an international crisis. (8 marks) • Include • When how and why NK attacked SK • How the USSR supported NK • How the USA and UN became involved and what they did • When, how and why China became involved

18. Source A- A political cartoon from June 1941 Exam practice 2 of 4 Study sources A and B. How useful are they to historians studying the sacking of MacArthur? (8 marks) With deep regret I have concluded that General of the Army Douglas MacArthur is unable to give his wholehearted support to the policies of the United States Government and of the United Nations in matters pertaining to his official duties. In view of the specific responsibilities imposed upon me by the Constitution of the United States and the added responsibility which has been entrusted to me by the United Nations, I have decided that I must make a change of command in the Far East. I have, therefore, relieved General MacArthur of his commands and have designated Lt. Gen. Matthew B. Ridgway as his successor. Full and vigorous debate on matters of national policy is a vital element in the constitutional system of our free democracy. It is fundamental, however, that military commanders must be governed by the policies and directives issued to them in the manner provided by our laws and Constitution. In time of crisis, this consideration is particularly compelling. General MacArthur's place in history as one of our greatest commanders is fully established. The Nation owes him a debt of gratitude for the distinguished and exceptional service which he has rendered his country in posts of great responsibility. For that reason I repeat my regret at the necessity for the action I feel compelled to take in his case. Remember all sources are useful. Your job is to explain what a historian can learn and assume from them. Think also about what other types of evidence an historian might need to deepen their knowledge further. Above all compare the evidence to what you know. Are they accurate? Are they typical points of view for the time? Source B- From a speech by Truman about the sacking of MacArthur.

19. Why did the Peace Treaty take so long?

21. Korean Armistice Agreement • Peace talks began July 10, 1951 inKaesŏnga city under north Korean control but the talks fairly quickly broke down. • Talks began again at Panmunjon in October 1951. It was signed by the UN forces, North Korean forces and Chinese forces. • designed to "insure a complete cessation of hostilities and of all acts of armed force in Korea until a final peaceful settlement is achieved.“ • But no "final peaceful settlement" has been achieved yet. North Korea and South Korea are officially still at war. • The signed armistice established the Korean Demilitarized Zone which is not far from the 38th parallel. • It organised for the return by both sides of prisoners of war but this was one of the biggest sticking points because many soldiers from North Korea and China did not want to be “re-patriated” (returned home) • The final armistice was signed 27th July 1953 Give 3 positives and 3 negatives of the Peace Treaty 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. Exam Practice Question 4 of 4

22. Think of some clever ways to imbed these dates in your memory- it could be using date rhymes, revision songs, diagrams etc. What works for you to remember the details?

23. Consequences of the Korean War • It is estimated that over 3 million people died in the Korean War. N. Korea lost the most soldiers, whilst South Korea lost the most civilians. • America had spent $30 billion in the last year of the war alone. • The USA saw Asia as the main concern in the Cold War and started funding the French in Vietnam with billions of dollars and with 80% of their weapons to fight the Communists in Vietnam. • The USA and USSR had come into direct conflict in the air but pretended they were not at war in order too prevent potential escalation into a Third World (nuclear) War • The USA spent billions on a massive military build up, increasing the size of both army, navy and air force and developing more nuclear weapons. • The UN had proved that it would act decisively to protect nations that had been attacked. • Some criticized that the UN was just the puppet of the USA • The ceasefire between NK and SK has lasted for over 60 years but tensions in that regions have remained high. Korea is still divided. Exam Practice Question 4 “The main consequence of the Korean War was the fact that the UN had shown itself to be dynamic in the face of aggression against its member states.” How far do you agree with this statement? (16 marks) plus 4 SPAG marks

24. How popular was the Korean War? Use the information above to re-plot the line below.

25. Timeline Korean War

26. Conflict in Vietnam Since the late 19th C Vietnam had been ruled by France as part of its empire and was known as French Indochina. During WW2 Japan invaded and took control of the main resources of Vietnam (Coal, Rice, Rubber). At this time a strong Anti-Japanese movement emerged called the Viet Minh; under the leadership of Communist Ho Chi Minh (ex teacher). Ho was a great individual and inspired people to fight Japan lost WWII and an Independent Vietnam declared 2nd September 1945 BUT the French were determined to take back control. Ho Chi Minh was idolised by many of the Vietnamese people as the saviour of Vietnam Using what you know about the Truman Doctrine and the Domino Theory explain why the US were helping the French against the Vietminh? What do you think Ho Chi Minh’s aims were for Vietnam?

27. China and Vietnam In 1949 China became Communist. The started to help the Communist Vietminh in Vietnam by providing training, weapons and supplies. This help from China alarmed the US- it made them more determined to help protect South East Asia against the spread of Communism. In July 1950 Truman gave $15 million in military aid to the French. In all the US gave $1 billion to the French to fight the Communists. Truman and Eisenhower also sent military advisers to help the French fight against the Vietminh but did not want to send US troops into Vietnam. In 1954 when Vietnam was divided along the 17th parallel at the Geneva Conference the north remained in the control of the Communists and the French set up an anti-Communist government in the south at Saigon. This government was led by Ngo Dinh Diem. Chairman Mao was keen to establish China as the dominant Communist power in Asia. He was also keen to spread Communism in Asia. He hoped he could achieve this by helping the Vietminh to victory against the French and later against the US. Why did China want to help the Vietminh? Why did the US want to help Diem?

28. Dien Bien Phu and the Geneva Agreement 1954 • After years of fighting 50,000 Vietminh surrounded the French air base at Dien Bien Phu and began to attack. They massively out numbered the French there. After 57 days of fighting the French surrendered. This was a great victory for the Vietminh BUT they had lost 8,000 guerrilla soldiers and a further 12,000 were wounded. The French decided to negotiate a permanent peace treaty In Geneva 1954 the world leading powers signed the Geneva agreement. This peace treaty; • Divided Vietnam along the 17th parallel • Set up Ngo Dinh Diem ( an anti-Communist) in the south at Saigon and set up Ho Chi Minh in government in Hanoi. • Elections wold be held in 1956 across all of Vietnam • The Vietminh had to withdraw from the south. • Ho Chi Minh was bitterly disappointed but hoped that the Communists would easily win the elections. Diem knew he had the support of the USA so felt confident that he would win in the future. The USA started to send military advisers to South Vietnam to train their army- the ARVN. • However some Communists and others inside south Vietnam hated Diem and wanted Ho in power. Supported by the Vietminh they formed the Viet-Cong or NLF (National Liberation Front) to fight and overthrow Diem’s government. Why was Ho Chi Minh so disappointed? 2. Why do you think the French withdrew from Vietnam after the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

29. From the Geneva Conference of 1954 the US were keen to help establish a strong anti-Communist regime in the south of Vietnam. They supported Diem because he was so hard-line against Communists in the south but eventually the CIA would support a VC attempt to assassinate him in 1963 because Diem had become such an embarrassment to the US. They continued however to support the South Vietnamese government against the Communists. If Diem was so corrupt why did the US government support him? Give 3reasons why Diem’s government was so unpopular? 1. 2. 3.

30. In an attempt to support the S. Vietnamese government and the ARVN the US military advisers suggested the Strategic Hamlets programme. This was to help gain control of rural areas by moving villagers from their homes into “safe and well-defended” hamlets. The idea was to keep the peasants safe from the Vietcong and to win over the “Hearts and Minds” of those living in the countryside. Over 2/3 of the population of the countryside was forcibly moved into the strategic hamlets by the summer of 1963. They were offered bribes of money which often they never received and in some cases were forced to move at gun-point. The programme was a massive failure and support for the Vietcong and Ho Chi Minh grew by 300%! How can we prove that the Strategic Hamlets programme was a failure?

31. Diem was assassinated in 1963. The new US President was Lyndon Baines Johnson (LBJ) He was more determined than the presidents before him to stop the spread of Communism in Asia. In 1964 following years of increasing involvement by the USA in the Vietnam conflict a US naval ship was fired on by a North Vietnamese gun-boat, Two days later the US reported that another ship had been fired upon. This gave Johnson the excuse he needed to send US troops into Vietnam and he made the decision to send 180,000 troops. In 1965 following a VC attack on a US helicopter base, Johnson ordered a massive carpet-bombing campaign over North Vietnam called Operation Rolling Thunder. Atthe start Johnson believed the presence of US troops in Vietnam would be brief and that they could stabilise the region quickly. Can you explain why and how US involvement increased after the Tonkin Incident? The Tonkin Incident August 1964 Operation Plan 34A- sent US destroyers into the Gulf of Tonkin to patrol N. Vietnamese waters. It became clear that US involvemnt was starting to increase. 3rd August – Three N. Vietnamese gunships fired on the USS Maddox. (The Maddox had fired warning shots first) The next day the USS Turner Joy reported being attacked also but this was a mistake. 4th August reports received that another attack by N.Vietnam on the US navy was imminent. Tensions were very high. 7th August Congress passed Tonkin Resolution to send troops into Vietnam. 13th Feb 1965- US bombers began Operation Rolling Thunder- continuous bombing of North Vietnam. 1 million tonnes of bombs was dropped on N. Vietnam. This bombing encouraged the USSR to support North Vietnam by sending anti-aircraft missiles.

32. In 1964 the majority of Americans supported increased US intervention in the Vietnam War. People were frightened by the spread of Communism in Asia and most of Johnson’s advisers like US Secretary of Defence Robert McNamara convinced him that US firepower and troops on the ground would be able to secure South Vietnam and destroy support for the Communists within a year. Write a definition of the following terms in the table below.

33. From 1947 Truman Doctrine the US give $3 billion to the French to help them fight the Vietminh (Communist army of Ho Chi Minh. 10 mins. No more than 3 paragraphs.

34. US Tactics • Average age of US GIs was 19years. Young and inexperienced. Did one year tour of duty before they could return. • M16 rifles were standard issue (often jammed) and not as good as the Russian AK47 rifles the Vietcong were using. • 41% of GIs were black and suffered some form of racial discrimination. • Most GIs were working class • Search and Destroy Missions ( also known as Zippo raids) were judged successful based on body-count. • Operation Rolling Thunder. B-52 bombers used high explosive and cluster bombs. • Agent Orange- chemical weapon- a defoliant to destroy jungle cover but damaged the embryos of pregnant women and led to deformity in thousands of children. • Napalm- used to destroy jungle and villages but also burned people • Most Vietnam Veterans suffered with physical and mental health problems long after the war. Suicide rates were high. • Vietcong Tactics • 60 tonnes of supplies per day along Ho Chi Minh Trail- a network of 15,000 km • “Hanging on to the Belts”- stay close and ambush US troops • Guerrilla tactics- booby traps, sabotage, no uniform. • 300 km of tunnels that served as hospitals, supply dumps, HQs • Booby traps caused 10% of US deaths. • Punji Trap- sharpened bamboo sticks in a covered pit. • Anti-US propaganda leaflets to civilians. • 51% of US casualties were caused by VC ambushes. • Morale was high because most of the VC were passionate Communists who adored Ho Chi Minh and believed they were fighting to get their country back. The Vietminh had been fighting in Vietnam using guerrilla tactics since the 1920s first against the French and then the Japanese and finally the US. Their commanders like General Giapand Le DucThowere highly experienced. Additionally Communist groups in Laos (Pathet Lao) and Cambodia (Khmer Rouge) supported the VC as much as possible. “Without the use of nuclear weapons the US could never have won this war.” How far do you agree with this statement? (16 marks plus 4 SPaG)

35. The Tet Offensive- Jan 1968 • 30 Jan was a temporary ceasefire to celebrate the religious festival of Tet. • 84,000 Vietcong and Vietminh simultaneously attacked 100 cities, towns and US bases across the south. They aimed to start an uprising among the people and win control of the south. • VC took the US embassy but only held it for 6 hours. The US and ARVN won back control quickly. But this was still a huge embarrassment for the US. • 50,000 North Vietnamese troops died. 10,000 VC losses far more than the US and ARVN forces. • However major turning point in war. US high command no longer believed they were winning or could win. Johnson refused to send Westmoreland 20,000 more troops. • Johnson announced he would not stand for re-election. • Increased the unpopularity of the war at home.

36. Search and Destroy missions were used by the US army to try and hunt out the VC and supporters of the VC. They were extremely dangerous and casualty rates were high. At the same time most GI soldiers were young and inexperienced. They experienced problems with drug and alcohol abuse as well as low morale. The My Lai massacre is the most infamous of the atrocities committed by US soldiers in Vietnam but the event was covered up for a year until one of the men in Charlie company-Ronald Ridenhour felt that he must disclose to the public exactly what had happened. The shock and outrage was huge and added massively to the calls to end this war and bring the US troops home. • The My Lai Massacre March 1968 • Charlie Company- Search and Destroy Mission. • Told village would be empty of peasants except VC. • 400 civilians killed. Mostly women and children. Women raped. Bodies mutilated. Only 3 weapons recovered. • A Year later Ronald Ridenhour( a member of Charlie Company) sends a letter about the massacre to Time Magazine and 30 politicians and generals. • Westmoreland ordered an enquiry. • Only William Lieutenant Calleyfound guilty. Sentenced to life in prison. Nixon released him. • Public were shocked. More criticism of army and government. • 1969 700,000 protest the war in Washington. • 1971 official report revealed 1/3 GIs using drugs. How many villagers were killed at My Lai? When did this atrocity happen? When did it become public knowledge? Who was found guilty of manslaughter? Why do you think Lt. Calley was released by Nixon? 6. How many people protested against the war in 1969? 7. Why do you think the massacre at My Lai had such an impact?

37. Anti-War Protests • 1964 majority of Americans supported Johnson’s decision to send troops to Vietnam. • 1965- Operation Rolling Thunder leads to the first anti-ware protests in over 60 US cities. • University students setup Students Democratic Society and organised “teach-in” protests. • Massive TV and press coverage of the war. • 1961- 93% of US homes had a TV • No censorship of the press • Oct 1967 100,000 protestors in Washington and the Pentagon. Thousands arrested. • 1967- Martin Luther King joins anti-war protests. Muhammed Ali refuses to fight. • 1967- Vietnam Veterans against the War formed. • Feb 1968- Most famous news reporter Walter Cronkite said US could not win the War this followed the Tet Offensive • 1969- protests and violence increase at home after My Lai Massacre become known. In November Largest anti-war protest occurs in Washington. 700,000 gathered. • May 1970- Kent State University protests in Ohio. 4 Student protestors shot and killed.9 injured. Hardens public against the war to an even greater extent.

38. Vietnamisation Nixon announced this in 1969. He promised Americans an “honourable peace” He needed to build up the ARVN so that they could fight the VC without US troops. The ARVN (S. Vietnamese army) was massively expanded to include half of the adult male population. The US would train, supply and pay for these extra S. Vietnamese troops. Nixon’s plan included heavy bombing of the HoChi Minh trail in Cambodia and Laos as there were known Communist controlled areas in both countries. This extension of the war was massively unpopular in the US. April 1970 Nixon ordered 150,000 more US troops to Vietnam to invade Cambodia. Massive protests at home followed. More bombs were dropped on N. Vietnam than ever before. Communism simply grew inside Cambodia and Laos with the Khmer Rouge and Pathet Lao (Communist rebel groups) controlling most of their countries by 1973. Why do you think people voted for Nixon in 1968? In what ways did war actually get worse after Nixon announced Vietnamisation? Who were the Khmer Rouge and Pathet Lao? Why do you think many people that voted for Nixon were bitterly disappointed? “The main reason for Nixon’s decision to withdraw troops from Vietnam was because the war was costing $30 billion a year.” How far do you agree with this statement? (16 marks plus 4 SPaG) (Plan your answer here)

39. Reasons the US would lose. • Low morale and discipline of US soldiers • Widespread use of drugs. • VC were defending their own country- morale high • High tech war in Vietnam didn't work. • Guerrilla tactics of Vietcong • Support for VC from peasants • Supplies to the VC from Russia and China • Ho Chi Minh trail supply line never destroyed by the US • Fighting a war 12,000 miles away caused supply issues. • GIs did one year tour of duty- not enough time to become experts • Terrain known to the VC plus thousands of miles of hidden tunnels. • Media coverage and anti-war feeling in the US. Write the full answer to this question. Time yourself for 20 mins max.

40. Peace Ever since the Tet Offensive of 1968 the US administration under Johnson had begun secret peace talks with the north Vietnamese government. Henry Kissinger (US) and Le Duc Tho (N.Vietnam) negotiated at Paris Peace Talks which begin 1969. At the same time there appeared to be a slight thawing in the Cold War with Nixon holding talks with both the USSR and China about limiting nuclear weapons. Tensions around the world seemed to be easing a little. In the meantime Nixon extended the war into Laos and Cambodia hoping to destroy Communist support there. More troops were called up which led to further protests inside the US. The Peace Protests at home were reaching fever pitch and in May 1970 a student was killed at Kent State University by police during an anti-war protest. In 1972 Nixon visited China and the USSR about ending the war In Vietnam. By the end of the year a ceasefire was agreed upon and on 27 Jan 1973 after 9 years of US troops fighting directly in Vietnam the Paris Peace Accord s signed. Vietnam was to remain divided and the south would continue to be supported by the US. (In fact this never happened US Congress and the new President Gerald Ford refused to help S.Vietnam when the North invaded in Dec 1974. By April all of Vietnam was in Communist control. Kissinger and Le DucTho were both awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for their work in negotiating the peace treaty. Think of 5 reasons why a Peace Treaty was agreed in 1973 and not 1968. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

41. Review and Revise these Key Names Ho Chi Minh- leader of the Communists in the North of Vietnam General Giap- leader of the Vietminh the Communist army Hanoi- capital of North Vietnam Saigon- Capital of south Vietnam Dien Bien Phu- Battle where he French were defeated by the Vietminh in 1954. The Geneva Agreement- The Peace Treaty between France and the Vietminh that divided Vietnam and sent the French home in 1954. NVA- Vietminh- Ho Chi Minh and General Giap’s Communist army NLF (Vietcong) guerrilla fighters in south Vietnam ARVN- South Vietnamese army Ngo Dinh Diem- leader of South Vietnam until 1963 Ho Chi Minh Trail- supply line between North Vietnam and the NLF areas in the south it ran mostly through the border, jungle areas of Laos and Cambodia. Le Duan- Military advisor to Ho Chi Minh and the Vietcong. Le DucTho- from 1969 worked with Kissinger (USA) to secure a peace treaty. Operation Plan 34A- Johnson sends the US Navy to patrol the coast of North Vietnam. This was to help prevent shipments to the Vietcong but mostly to deliberately provoke the North Vietnamese. Leads to the Tonkin Incident. General Westmoreland- Commander of the forces in Vietnam. Pathet Lao-Communist rebels in Laos Khmer Rouge- Communist rebels in Cambodia.

42. Vietnam War- Timeline 1800s- French in control of Vietnam 1940- Japan invades Vietnam 1945- at the end of WWII the French try to regain control of Vietnam. The Vietminh fight them. 1954- The Battle of Dien Bien Phu lasts 57 days but the Vietminh finally defeat the French. At the Geneva Conference the French agree to go home and Vietnam is divided. 1955- USA starts sending military shipments to south Vietnam this includes military advisers to train their army. This was costing the US $1.6 billion a year. 1960- the NLF – National Liberation Front (Vietcong) is formed. 1961- John F. Kennedy became president of the US. 1962- Strategic Hamlets Programme begun. Kennedy sends more advisers and helicopters to south Vietnam. 1963- A Buddhist monk protested against Diem’s regime by setting light to himself. The US felt they could no longer support Diem who was assassinated by rebels. (JFK. Was also assassinated in 1963) 1964- President Johnson elected promises his “Great Society” reforms in the US. Begins Operation Plan 34A for US navy to start patrolling the coast of North Vietnam. August- Tonkin Incident convinces Johnson to send troops to Vietnam. 1965- Operation Rolling Thunder begins. Carpet bombing of N.Vietnam brings massive public condemnation in the US. 30th Jan 1968- Tet offensive by the Vietcong and Vietminh begins. The US realises it can’t win this war. March 1968- My Lai Massacre but US public don’t find out till the year later. 1969- Nixon announces Vietnamisation. Paris Peace Talks begin. 1972- Nixon visits China and USSR (Cold War thaw) 27 Jan 1973- Paris Peace Accord is signed. By March all US troops have gone. Identify 5 key turning points in the war. Why were they so significant?