ENLIGHTENMENT

1. AGRICULTURE REVOLUTION ENLIGHTENMENT WORKERS REPRESENTATION THE OLD REGIME FRENCH REVOLUTION SEPERATION OF WEALTH CAPITIALISTS INDUSTRIALIZATION

2. The “-isms” that change the world “The Age of Ideologies” 1815-1850

3. “the Dual Revolution” • The French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution together transformed the western world. • This “Dual Revolution” changed everything politically, socially and economically. • In response to the issues raised by the “Dual Revolution”, many European adhered to a set of ideologies (“isms”) that provided both a systematic view of human affairs as well as a blueprint for changing the world.

4. conservatism • Conservatives sought to preserve the monarchies and nobles of Europe. • Europe’s conservative monarchies depended on the support of nobles and worked to reestablish their privileges. • To a conservative… reform=revolution=radical change

5. Conservatism • Adamantly opposed to political claims based upon any notion of individual freedom, popular sovereignty, or membership in any national group. • Which enlightened philosophes would they disagree with? • It was not, however, a complete rejection of change. • Change will come through adaptation, not violent revolution. • Conservative monarchs utilized the bureaucratized state apparatus inherited from Napoleon to repress liberals, instead of restoring the less-centralized ruling structure that had typified Old Regime Europe.

6. Edmund Burke (British historian and author) Jospeh de Maistre (French philosopher) Prince von Metternich (Austria) Conservatism Key Figures…

7. liberalism • Based on Enlightenment and revolutionary ideals of reason, progress, and individual rights. • A powerful philosophy of change throughout the nineteenth century. • Political liberals wanted government by constitution and by elected legislative bodies that would reflect some degree of popular sovereignty. • Equality and rights defined by law and guaranteed by the state. • Freedom of press and religious toleration.

8. liberalism • Economically, liberals embraced laissez-faire principles. • Whose economic philosophy is this? • “Government is best which governs least.” • Most liberals were from the professional, middle class, educated, but who were excluded in one manner or another from the existing political process. • Especially in the monarchical and aristocratic regimes restored after the Congress of Vienna.

9. John Stuart Mill Scottish philosopher Benjamin Constant French liberal theorist Liberalism Key Figures

10. utilitarianism • The purpose of government is to promote the “greatest good the greatest number*” • The application of the scientific principal of *utility would overcome the special interests of privileged groups who prevented rational government. • Argued for separation of church and state, women’s rights, and the end of slavery.

11. utilitarianism • Formed by Jeremy Bentham • Very influential in getting the 1834 Poor Law passed in England. • Tried to make poverty the most undesirable of all social situations. • Government poor relief was to be disbursed only in workhouses. • Life in the workhouses was designed to more unpleasant than life outside. • Intent was, people would work rather than rely on the government.

12. nationalism • Develops into the single most powerful European political ideology of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. • Based on the concept that a nation is composed of people who are joined together by the bonds of a common language, as well as common customs, culture, and history, and who, because of these bonds, should be administered by the same government.

13. nationalism • Opposed the principle upheld at the Congress of Vienna that legitimate monarchies, rather than ethnicity, provided the basis for political unity. • What countries would they oppose the most at the end of the Congress of Vienna?

14. Nationalism • Early “nationalists” were historians, writers literary scholars, and school teachers who chronicled, promoted, and taught about their peoples past and customs in their language. • This helped establish the cultural beliefs and political expectations that would drive this movement.

15. Nationalism • During the 19th century Nationalists challenged the political status quo in six major areas of Europe… IRISH NATIONLISTS ENGLAND GERMAN NATIONLISTS AUSTRIAN EMPIRE ITALIAN NATIONLISTS AUSTRIAN EMPIRE POLISH NATIONLISTS RUSSIAN EMPIRE HUNGARIAN, CZECHS, SLOVENES, et. al. AUSTRIAN EMPIRE SERBS, GREEKS, ALBANIANS, ROMANIANS, & BULGARIANS RUSSIAN & OTTOMAN EMPIRES

16. G.W.F. Hegel German philosopher “The national state is the march of destiny through history.” George Friedrich List German economist Giuseppe Mazzini Italy Nationalism Key Figures

17. Socialism • Socialists believed the capitalist system was unequal and unjust, and wished to replace it with social and economic planning. • Early figures like, Robert Owen, Saint-Simon, & Fourier were Utopian Socialists because their ideas were often visionary and advocated for the creation of ideal societies. • Owen’s New Lanark, Scotland

18. Socialism / marxism MARXISM- “scientific socialism” • Becomes one of the most important ideas in history. • The Communist Manifesto (1848) Marx & Engels • “WORKERS OF THE WORLD UNITE & THROW OFF YOUR CHAINS!” • Combined German philosophy, British industrialism, and French radicalism to form a comprehensive critique of capitalism

19. Marxism • Class Struggle: • Those that have-vs..- those that have not. • Bourgeoisie –vs- Proletariat • The proletariat will eventually develop a class consciousness and unite to overthrow their oppressors. • Revolution • Eventually workers worldwide will revolt and combine to form a propertyless and classless communist society.

20. marxism Key pillars of Marxism • Alienation of labor: specialization has separated the worker from his product, his labor, and his fellow man. • Labor theory of value: Value of product=amount of labor it takes to produce. The difference between the workers wages and the price of the product (PROFIT) represents a theft of the workers labor. • Dialectical Materialism: Conflict is inevitable and will result in needed change.

21. ROMANTICISM • Tomorrow….