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The Nucleus of the atom…

The Nucleus of the atom…. M. Billings NSHS. Nucleus—made up of protons and neutrons Held together by binding energy (strong forces) –only act over a very small distance but have enormous strength. Strong Nuclear Forces. An explanation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yv3EMq2Dgq8

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The Nucleus of the atom…

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  1. The Nucleus of the atom… M. Billings NSHS

  2. Nucleus—made up of protons and neutrons • Held together by binding energy (strong forces) –only act over a very small distance but have enormous strength

  3. Strong Nuclear Forces An explanation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yv3EMq2Dgq8 Another part: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BNDOSMqGLlg&list=PLsNB4peY6C6JDc1HcVKjjYzVB0BYEXexd

  4. 2 Types of particles • Leptons—elementary particles which cannot be broken down – electrons • Hadrons—fundamental particles which can be broken down – protons and neutrons (made of particles called quarks)

  5. Shape, Movement, State • Shape—seems to be elliptical (some are spherical) • Movement—Nucleus is stationary but protons and neutrons spin on an axis • State—Nucleus appears to have many of the properties of liquids

  6. Nuclear Stability • Nucleus with a ratio of 1 proton to 1 neutron is most stable (elements #1-20 maintain this ratio) • Elements above #20 have a slightly higher ration. If an atom does not have its preferred ration, it is unstable.

  7. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aJkx6hAD-4E

  8. IMPORTANT!! Any atom with an unstable proton to neutron ratio is RADIOACTIVE!! That atom is called the PARENT ATOM! That atom will change (release radiation) until it reaches a more stable proton to neutron ratio. The change is RANDOM but PREDICTABLE!!!

  9. Half-life– time it takes for ½ of the parent atoms to turn into daughter atoms ! Radioactive Decay – Process of a parent atom releasing radiation to become a daughter atom!

  10. More About Radiation…. Radiation from Natural Sources (like rocks, other living things, space) is called background radiation. Radiation can be used to BENEFIT humans!

  11. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_moypMx05Fw

  12. Most Sensitive Least Sensitive Fetal Tissue Cancer Cells White blood cells Bone marrow GI Tract Nerve/Brain Radiation and your tissue…

  13. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_zc1WKT0CA

  14. Alpha Particles • 2 protons + 2 neutrons • Mass=4 amu • Charge = +2 • Symbol: a or 4He 2 • How does it change the atom?... Changes element (down by 2 atomic numbers) and mass up by 4 • Shielding—your skin; piece of paper • Range …1 – 2 inches in air

  15. Beta Particles • An electron from the nucleus • Mass=0 • Charge= -1 • Symbol = 0e or B -1 • How does it change the atom?... Changes atomic number up by 1 • Shielding…thick layer of aluminum foil • Range…about 10 feet in air

  16. Gamma Radiation • Pure energy • No mass and no charge • Symbol: 0g • How does it change the atom…no mass or atomic number change • Shielding…. 6-12 inches of lead: 10 ft. of concrete • Range…. About 1100feet in air

  17. Positron • A positively charged electron • Mass=0; charge =+1 • Symbol … e • How does it change the atom? Atomic number down by 1

  18. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eWwhRjGBNb4

  19. Homework • Read pages 799-808 • Make at least a half page study guide on the reading material.

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