anatomy

1. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Prepared by: Ocado, Joker Pajo, Marvie Sheen Ganub, Jean Dagooc, Dianne Herrera, Bhea Jie Quindica, Ada Miriam Ruth

2. Depression is a mental state or chronic mental disorder characterized by feelings of sadness, loneliness, despair, low self-esteem, and self-reproach; accompanying signs include psychomotor retardation, with withdrawal from social contact, and vegetative states such as loss of appetite and insomnia.

3. Different Forms of Depression Major depressive disorders Dysthymic disorder (dysthymia) Psychotic depression Postpartum depression (postnatal depression) SAD (seasonal affective disorder) Bipolar disorder (Manic-depressive illness)

4. Signs and Symptoms of Depression: A constant feeling of sadness, anxiety, and emptiness A general feeling of pessimism(always negative) The person feels hopeless Individuals can feel restless The sufferer may experience irritability Patients may lose interest in activities or hobbies they once enjoyed He/she may lose interest in sex Levels of energy feels lower Find hard to concentrate, remember details, and make desicions Sleep patterns are disturbed Eating habits may be change Suicidal thoughts may occur The sufferer may complain more of aches and pains, headaches, cramps, or digestive problems.

5. Treatment and Medication of Depression Most common drugs that used to treat depression- SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) SNRIs (norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors) MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitor) Tricyclics Psychotherapy Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) Interpersonal therapy (IPT) Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

6. Sleep Apnea a�sleeping disorder characterized by abnormal pauses in�breathing�or instances of abnormally low breathing, during�sleep. Hypopnea the abnormal low breathing event when sleeping. Polysomnogram the test to diagnose sleep apnea

7. Types of sleep apnea Obstructive sleep apnea�is the most common type of sleep apnea. It occurs when the soft tissue in the back of your throat relaxes during sleep, causing a blockage of the airway (as well as loud snoring).

8. Central sleep apnea�is a much less common type of sleep apnea that involves the central nervous system, rather than an airway obstruction. It occurs when the brain fails to signal the muscles that control breathing. People with central sleep apnea seldom snore. Complex sleep apnea�is a combination of obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea.

9. Sleep apnea signs and symptoms Major signs and symptoms of sleep apnea: Loud and chronic snoring Choking, snorting, or gasping during sleep Long pauses in breathing Daytime sleepiness, no matter how much time you spend in bed. 

10. Other common signs and symptoms of sleep apnea include: Waking up with a dry mouth or sore throat Morning headaches Restless or fitful sleep Insomnia or nighttime awakenings Going to the bathroom frequently during the night Waking up feeling out of breath Forgetfulness and difficulty concentrating Moodiness, irritability, or depression

11. Untreated sleep Apnea can: Increase the risk of�high blood pressure �heart attack �stroke �obesity diabetes Increase the risk of, or worsen,�heart failure Make�arrhythmias�(ah-RITH-me-ahs), or irregular heartbeats, more likely Increase the chance of having work-related or driving accidents.

12. Treatment Treatment often starts with behavioral therapy. avoid alcohol sleeping pills, and other sedatives which can relax throat muscles, contributing to the collapse of the airway at night. Possibly owing to changes in pulmonary oxygen stores, sleeping on one's side (as opposed to on one's back) has been found to be helpful for central sleep apnea with Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSA-CSR).

13. Neurotoxin � are an extensive class of�exogenous�chemical neurological insults�which can adversely affect function in both developing and mature nervous tissue. are endogenous�compounds which when abnormally concentrated can prove neurologically toxic are neurologically destructive, their ability to specifically target neural components is important in the study of nervous systems.

14. Common examples of neurotoxins lead �ethanol� glutamate nitric oxide�(NO) �botulinum toxin �tetanus toxin �tetrodotoxin

15. Effects: Central nervous system damage such as: mental retardation Persistent memory �impairents epilepsy dementia Peripheral nervous system�damage such as:� neuropathy�� myopathy�

16. Brains Mechanism against Neurotoxins nervous system has a number of mechanisms designed to protect it from internal, and external insults, including the blood brain barrier and choroid plexus:

17. Blood Brain Barrier�(BBB)  is one critical example of protection which prevents toxins and other adverse compounds from reaching the brain. creates a tight�hydrophobic�layer around the�capillaries�in the brain, inhibiting the transport of large or hydrophilic�compounds .

18. Choroid Plexus� provides a layer of protection against toxin absorption in the brain. The choroid plexuses are vascularized layers of tissue found in the third, fourth, and lateral ventricles of the brain, which through the function of their�ependymal�cells, are responsible for the synthesis of cerebrospinal fluid�(CSF).

19. Narcolepsy chronic disease of the central nervous system. Symptoms: excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) loss of muscle tone (cataplexy) distorted perceptions (hypnagogic hallucinations) inability to move or talk (sleep paralysis) disturbed nocturnal sleep automatic behavior (patients carry out certain actions without conscious awareness)

20. Causes of narcolepsy: abnormalities in the structure and function of a particular group of nerve cells, called hypocretin neurons abnormalities in the hypocretin system may be responsible for the daytime sleepiness and abnormal REM sleep found in narcolepsy Hypocretins cells that are located in a part of the brain called the hypothalamus and that normally secrete neurotransmitter substances.

21. Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS) patient tend to fall asleep easily even by watching tv, reading books, driving, and etc. repetitive, irresistible, and unintentional sleep attacks may occur throughout the day.

22. Cataplexy a sudden, temporary loss of muscle control in a person with narcolepsy. is triggered by strong emotional reactions such as laughter, excitement, surprise, or anger. factors that contribute to the attacks of cataplexy include physical fatigue, stress, and sleepiness. result in symptoms such as a drooping head, sagging jaw, slurred speech, buckling of the knees, or weakness in the arms.

23. Medications and Treatments The types, number, and severity of the symptoms determine which drugs are used to treat the narcolepsy. Severe daytime sleepiness may require treatment with high doses of stimulant medication, and sometimes a combination of stimulants may be needed. Rare or infrequent cataplexy and other associated symptoms may not require any drug treatment, or treatment on an "as needed" regimen may be adequate. Insomnia and depression may also require treatment. Therapy should be catered to the individual needs of the patient. For example, improved alertness may be critical throughout the day for most students and working adults, but may be critical only at certain times of the day (for example, driving times) for other people.

24. What is SCHIZOPERNIA? The condition is a type of psychosis in which the person's thinking is actually impaired to the extent that he or she has problems interpreting what is real and what is not.�

25. Five Types Paranoid schizophrenia Disorganized schizophrenia Catatonic schizophrenia Undifferentiated schizophrenia Residual schizophrenia

26. CAUSES : Genetics a family history Bipolar disorder Alzheimer's disease Stroke Chemical or structural abnormalities in the brain Drug abuse Psychological, social, biological or environmental factors

27. available medications for treating schizophrenia: Hlorpromazine (Thorazine) Clozapine (Clozaril) Haloperidol (Haldol) Risperidone (Risperdal) Olanzapine (Zyprexa) Quetiapine (Seroquel) Aripiprazole (Abilify)

28. symptoms of schizophrenia? Positive Symptoms delusions or hallucinations clumsiness involuntary movements disorganized thinking garbled speech Negative symptoms loss of interest in life inability to start and continue a planned activity lack of interest in speaking to others

29. Other Symptoms Believe that other people are reading their minds. Exercising mind control over them or planning to hurt them. Be delusional Be incoherent Be violent Be argumentative Hear voices that nobody else hears Lack an appetite

30. Common possible effects of schizophrenia  Relationships� Schizophrenia will cause a sufferer to withdraw and isolate himself or herself, drastically affecting relationships with family and friends. Risk of suicide attempts� Patients with schizophrenia are more likely to try taking their lives. At all times, take any mention of suicide by them seriously and have your doctor or case worker look into it. Normal day-to-day activities� Normal activities become hard or near impossible for the sufferer

31. Erbs-duchen palsy is a paralysis of the arm caused by injury to the upper group of the arm's main nerves, specifically the upper trunk C5-C6 is severed. paralysis can be partial or complete; the damage to each nerve can range from bruising to tearing. palsy presents as a�lower motor neuron�syndrome associated with sensibility disturbance and vegetative phenomena.�[9]

32. Signs and symptoms: loss of sensation in the arm paralysis� atrophy of the deltoid, biceps, and brachialis muscles may�affect development nervous damage

33. Causes of erbs-duchen palsy: Dystocia, an abnormal or difficult childbirth or labor Traumatic fall

34. Treatment and medication of erbs-duchen palsy Neonatal/pediatric neurosurgery Nerve transplants (usually from the opposite leg), Sub Scapularis releases Latissimus Dorsi Tendon Transfers.

35. Thank you God Bless!!!