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(fgUnh lkfgR; dk HkfDrdky) 1375&1700 izo`fr;ka % fuxqZ’k czã dh mikluk

(fgUnh lkfgR; dk HkfDrdky) 1375&1700 izo`fr;ka % fuxqZ’k czã dh mikluk vorkjokn o cgqnsookn dk [ka’Mu ckg;kMEcjksa ,oa :f<okfnrk dk fojks/ tkfr izFkk o NqvkNwr dk fojks/ yksdlaxzg dh Hkkouk ukeLej’k vkSj Hktu dh efgek jgL;oknh Hkkouk J`axkj jl ,oa 'kkar jl

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(fgUnh lkfgR; dk HkfDrdky) 1375&1700 izo`fr;ka % fuxqZ’k czã dh mikluk

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  1. (fgUnh lkfgR; dk HkfDrdky) 1375&1700 izo`fr;ka % fuxqZ’k czã dh mikluk vorkjokn o cgqnsookn dk [ka’Mu ckg;kMEcjksa ,oa :f<okfnrk dk fojks/ tkfr izFkk o NqvkNwr dk fojks/ yksdlaxzg dh Hkkouk ukeLej’k vkSj Hktu dh efgek jgL;oknh Hkkouk J`axkj jl ,oa 'kkar jl ukjh dks ek;k dk izrhd ekuuk Hkk"kk 'kSyh

  2. lardkO; dh izo`fr;k¡ fuxqZ’k czã dh mikluk  lHkh lardfo;ksa us bZ'oj ds fujkdkj :Ik dh vjk/uk dh gS  fujkdkj czã ?kj&?kj es okl djrk gSA  lar dfo;ksa us jke&jghe] d`"’k djhe dks fujkdkj ekuk gSA dchj ds vuqlkj ^^n'kjFk lqr frgqa yksd c[kkukA jke uke dk eje gS vkukAA**

  3. jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;ka  jktuhfrd n`f"V ls HkfDrdky dks nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gS  fgUnq&eqfLye 'kkldks ds la?k"kZ ds dkj’k ;g dky fo{kqC/ o v'kkafr dk ;qx jgk  i`Fohjkt pkSgku dh e`R;q ds i'pkr dksbZ Hkh n`<+ fgUnq jkT; ugha FkkA 

  4. eqgEen xkSjh us Hkkjr esa viuk jkT; LFkkfir fd;kA blds iwoZ lHkh eqLkyeku 'kkld ywVikV djds ykSV tkrs FksA  rRi'pkr dqrqcnhu ,scd us ;gka xqyke oa'k dh uhao j[kh vkSj vykm|hu (f[kYkth oa'k) dks lqn`<+ cukus dk iz;Ru fd;kA  ijUrq (1556&1605) vdcj ds 'kkludky us rks lkjh O;oLFkk dk gh Lo:Ik cny x;k  vdcj us /kfeZd djksa ls fgUnqvksa dks eqDr dj fn;k rFkk lHkh /eksZa ds izfr mnkjrk dh uhfr viukbZ

  5. /kfeZd ifjfLFkfr;ka %& bl le; Hkkjr dh /kfeZd iffLFkfr;ka rhu izdkj dh Fkh

  6. lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ka %&  fgUnq jktkvksa dh gkj ds ihNs mudh lkekftd voLFkk Hkh mrjnk;h FkhA  QyLo:Ik dchj] tk;lh vkfn fuxqZ’k lUrksa dh ok’kh dks cy feyk 

  7. fgUnqvksa ds ikl /u lafpr djus dk dksbZ lk/u ugha FkkA  fgUnqvksa dks vkHkkoksa] fu/Zurk ,oa vkthfodk ds fy, fujUrj la?k"kZ djuk iM+rk Fkk  djksa dk lkjk Hkkj fgUnqvksa ij FkkA  mPp inksa ij fgUnqvksa dks ugha cSBk;k tkrk Fkk  eqxyksa ds 'kkludky esa U;k; dh n`f"V ls fgUnq&eqfLye nksuksa leku FksA  eqfLye 'kkld o lkear fgUnqvksa ij vusd vR;kpkj djrs FksA 

  8. eqlyeku ukjh dks ek=k Hkksx dh oLrq ekurs Fks mldk ntkZ iq:"k ls uhpk FkkA  fgUnqvksa dh cgq csfV;ksa dk vigj’k o cykr~ vke ckr Fkh  eqlyekuksa dh ns[kk&ns[kh fgUnqvksa esa Hkh cgqfookg dh izFkk izpfyr gqbZA  QyLo:Ik fgUnqvksa esa Hkh vuesy fookg] inkZ izFkk] tSlh vusd dqjhfr;ksa dk tUe gqvkA

  9. vorkjokn o cgqnsookn dk [ka’MuA  lar dfo;ksa us bZ'oj iquZtUe o vorkjokn dk l[r fojks/ fd;k gSA lkFk gh bUgksaus jke] d`"’k] f'ko] czãk] fo"’kq vkfn nsoksa ds vusd :iksa dk Hkh [ka’Mu fd;k gSA  ^^v{k; iq:"k ,d isM+ gS ckdh fujatu Mkj f=knso 'kk[kke; ikrHk;k lalkj** AA

  10. ckg;kMacjksa ,ao :f<+okfnrk dk fojks/ % lar dfo;ksa esa ewfrZ iwtk] rhFkZ ;k=kk] ozr miokl ekyk Qsjuk] jkstk j[kuk] uekt+ vkfn ckg;kMEcjksa dk [ka’Mu fd;k gSA vkSj ijEijkxr :f<+;ksa dk Hkh fojks/ fd;k gSA dchj ewfrZ iwtk dk [ka’Mu djrs gq, dgrs gSA  ^^ikgu iwtS gfj feyS rks eSa iwtwa igkjA Rkkrs rks pdh Hkyh] ihl [kk; lalkjAA**

  11. tkfrizFkk o NqvkNwr dk fojks/ %&  lHkh lar tkr&ikfr o NqvkNwr dk MVdj fojks/ djrs FksA  bUgksaus /uh&fu/Zu dk Hksn] NqvkNwr fgUnq&eqlyekuksa esa ik, tkus okys fo}s"k vkSj HksnHkko dh fuank dh gSA  ^^tkfr&ikfr iwNs ufg dksbZA gfj dks HktS lks gfj dk gksbZAA**

  12. Ykksd laxzg dh Hkkouk %&  lHkh lar x`gLFk Fks ;ksxh ugha thou dk lokZxh’k vuqHko  larksa us lekt lq/kj o yksd dY;k’k dh Hkkouk ls dkO; jpuk dh QyLo:Ik lekt ea ihfM+r ,ao 'kksf"kr turk tkx mBhA  'kksf"kr vU;k; ,ao vR;kpkj dk izfrjks/ djus yxs yksdlaxzg dh Hkkouk o lekt dks tkx`r djuk gh bu larksa dk izeq[k m|s'; FkkA

  13. ukeLej’k vkSj Hktu dh efgek %&  lar dfo;ksa us uke tius o Lej’k djus ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k gSA  larksa ds vuqlkj uke Lej’k g`n; ls gksuk pkfg,  uke Lej’k ,slk gksuk pkfg, fd Lej’k djrs&djrs gksaBks ls Hkys gh uke u fudys ij vax&vax ea og uke O;kIr gksA

  14. jgL;oknh Hkkouk %&  lardkO; eas eq[;r% vykSfdd izse dh vfHkO;atuk gqbZ gS] ftls fd jgL;okn dh laKk nh xbZ gSA  larksa dk jgL;okn 'kadj ds v}Srokn ls izHkkfor gS  dchj ds vuqlkj %  ^^ty esa dqEHk] dqEHk esa ty ckgj Hkhrj ikuh QwVk dqEHk ty tyfg lekuk] ;g rFk dg;ks x;kuhAA**

  15. J`axkj jl ,ao 'kkar jl %&  Lakr dkO; esa Ja`xkj jl o 'kkar jl dk vf/d iz;ksx gqvk gS  vkRek ijekRek ds izse lEca/ksa dk o’kZu  J`axkj ds la;ksx vkSj fo;ksx nksuksa i{kksa dk dykRed o’kZu gqvk gSA

  16. ukjh dks ek;k dk izrhd ekuuk  lar dfo ukjh dks ek;k :ih egkBfxuh ekurs gSa tks fd lar iq:"k dks mldh lk/uk ls HkVdkrh gS  blfy, ukjh vkSj ek;k nksuksa dks lar dfo;ksa us vkRek&ijekRek ds feyu esa lcls cM+h ck/k crk;k gS

  17. Hkk"kk 'kSyh %&  Lkar dfo;ksa dh Hkk"kk vR;Ur ljy vkSj vkMacj foghu gS  budh Hkk"kk fo'kq} lkfgfR;d Hkk"kk ugha gS budh Hkk"kk dks l/qDDM+h Hkk"kk dgk tkrk gS  budh Hkk"kk esa czt] vo/h] iatkch] jkt/kuh] vjch] Qkjlh] laLd`r vkfn vusd Hkk"kvksa ds 'kCnksa dk lekos'k gqvk gSA  vyadkjksa dk Hkh LokHkkfod :Ik esa iz;ksx gqvk gS nksgk 'kSyh dk lQy iz;ksx gqvk gSA  varr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd lar dfo;ksa ds dkO; esa tgka fo'ks"krkvksa dh cgqyrk gS ogha dykReDrk dk vkHkko gS vkè;kfRedrk dks bUgksaus lQy :Ik iznku fd;k gS okLro eas vius ;qx dk izfrfuf/Ro djus dh {kerk lar dkO; esa iw’kZ:is’k fo|eku gSA

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