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Understanding Biological Classification: The Linnaean System and Evolutionary Relationships

Explore how organisms are classified based on physical similarities and evolutionary relationships using the Linnaean system and modern DNA analysis. Discover the evolution of classification from two kingdoms to multiple kingdoms through scientific advancements. Understand the importance of scientific names, binomial nomenclature, and the limitations of the Linnaean system in depicting evolutionary connections accurately. Delve into the tree of life, cladistics, and the complexities of classifying prokaryotes. Learn about the five kingdoms and the complexities of transferring DNA between different organisms.

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Understanding Biological Classification: The Linnaean System and Evolutionary Relationships

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  1. KEY CONCEPT Organisms can be classified based on physical similarities.

  2. Linnaeus developed the scientific naming system still used today. • Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms. White oak:Quercus alba • We always write names in the Genus and species.

  3. uses Latin words • scientific names always written in italics • two parts are the genus name and species descriptor • Binomial nomenclature is a two-part scientific naming system.

  4. A genus includes one or more physically similar species. • Species in the same genus are thought to be closely related. • Genus name is always capitalized. • A species descriptor is the second part of a scientific name. • always lowercase • always follows genusname; never written alone Tyto alba

  5. Scientific names help scientists to communicate. • Some species have very similar common names. • Some species have many common names.

  6. Linnaeus’ classification system has seven levels. • Each level is included in the level above it. • Levels get increasingly specific from kingdom to species.

  7. The Linnaean classification system has limitations. • Linnaeus taxonomy doesn’t account for molecular evidence. • The technology didn’t exist during Linneaus’ time. • Linnaean system based only on physical similarities.

  8. Physical similarities are not always the result of close relationships. • Genetic similarities more accurately show evolutionary relationships.

  9. Racoon Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Procyonidae Genus: Procyon Species: P. lotor Red Panda Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Ailuridae Genus: Ailurus Species: A. fulgens

  10. KEY CONCEPT Modern classification is based on evolutionary relationships. DNA!!! De-oxy Ribo Nucleic Acid

  11. Cladistics is classification based on common ancestry. • Phylogeny is the evolutionary history for a group of species. • evidence from living species, fossil record, and molecular data • shown with branching tree diagrams

  12. classification based on common ancestry • species placed in order that they descended from common ancestor • Evolutionary trees.

  13. Plantae Animalia Classification is always a work in progress. • The tree of life shows our most current understanding. • New discoveries can lead to changes in classification. • Until 1866: only two kingdoms,Animalia and Plantae

  14. Protista Classification is always a work in progress. • The tree of life shows our most current understanding. • New discoveries can lead to changes in classification. • Until 1866: only two kingdoms,Animalia and Plantae Plantae Animalia • 1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista

  15. Plantae Animalia Protista Monera Classification is always a work in progress. • The tree of life shows our most current understanding. • New discoveries can lead to changes in classification. • Until 1866: only two kingdoms,Animalia and Plantae • 1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista • 1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera

  16. Plantae Animalia Protista Fungi Classification is always a work in progress. • The tree of life shows our most current understanding. • New discoveries can lead to changes in classification. • Until 1866: only two kingdoms,Animalia and Plantae • 1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista • 1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera • 1959: fungi moved to own kingdom Monera

  17. Plantae Animalia Protista Archea Bacteria Fungi Classification is always a work in progress. • The tree of life shows our most current understanding. • New discoveries can lead to changes in classification. • Until 1866: only two kingdoms,Animalia and Plantae • 1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista • 1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera • 1959: fungi moved to own kingdom • 1977: kingdom Monerasplit into kingdoms Bacteria and Archaea

  18. Kingdom eubacteria. • one of largest groups on Earth • classified by shape, need for oxygen, and diseases caused

  19. Kingdom Archaebacteria . • cell walls chemically different from bacteria • differences discovered by studying RNA • known for living in extreme environments

  20. Kingdom Protista

  21. Kingdom Plantae

  22. Kingdom Fungi

  23. Kingdom Animalia

  24. bridge to transfer DNA • Bacteria and archaea can be difficult to classify. • transfer genes among themselves outside of reproduction • blurs the linebetween “species” • more researchneeded tounderstand prokaryotes

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