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Time Variations of Fundamental Constants - Exploring the Standard Model and Beyond

Dive into the fascinating world of fundamental constants, from particles to nuclei, and examine the implications of time variation on these constants in astrophysics and cosmology. Discover how experiments and theories shape our understanding of the universe.

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Time Variations of Fundamental Constants - Exploring the Standard Model and Beyond

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  1. Fundamental constants Time Variation and their H. Fritzsch LMU / MPI Munich

  2. Fundamental constants • Particles • Nuclei • Atoms • Lasers • Solid State Physics • Astrophysics • Cosmology

  3. Outline Standard Model32 Fundamental ConstantsFine-structure ConstantOklo PhenomenonQuark MassesTime Variation of Fine-structure ConstantGrand UnificationPrediction for Quantum OpticsExperiment at MPQ

  4. Particle Physics gauge theories

  5. 1935 W. Heisenberg W. Pauli minimal interaction

  6. Hermann Weyl: electromagnetic interaction has local gauge symmetry U(1) - phase rotations QED gauge theory

  7. - 1950 Feynman Schwinger QED: renormalizable

  8. 1954 Non-Abelian Gauge TheoryWolfgang PauliChen Ning Yang – Robert MillsRonald Shaw ( ph.d. - student of Tom Kibble )

  9. weak interactions 1957: W-bosons W J. Schwinger

  10. since 1964: electroweak gauge theory

  11. SU(2)xU(1) weak interactions electromagnetism neutral current CERN 1972

  12. SU(2) x U(1) Glashow, Salam - Ward, Weinberg 1964-1968

  13. Strong Interactions proton mass masses of nuclei

  14. Yukawa interaction

  15. strong interactions e Quarks

  16. 1971 q=> q q q r g b SU(3) c

  17. b r g

  18. 1972 QCD Fritzsch Gell-Mann

  19. gluons

  20. 1973: Standard Model SU(3) x SU(2) x U(1)

  21. problem ===> 32 fundamental constants

  22. 32 Fundamental constants number of space dimensions 1number of time dimensions 1number of colors 1number of families 1Newtons constant G 1 fine structure constant 1coupling constant of strong interaction 1coupling constant of weak interaction 1mass of W boson 1mass of Higgs boson 1masses of 6 quarks and 6 leptons 12 flavor mixing of quarks 4flavor mixing of leptons 6 - 32

  23. 32 (22 related to fermion masses)

  24. 10

  25. Fundamental constants Determined by Dynamics?Changing in Time? . . . . . . .

  26. Fundamental constants Cosmic Accidents?

  27. Big Bang

  28. Cosmic accidents? Universe => Multiverse

  29. Inflationary multiverse

  30. Arnold Sommerfeld, 1916 fine-structure constant

  31. fine-structure constant =0.00729735253 ~1/137

  32. unifiying electrodynamics, relativity, quantum theory

  33. Solvay Sommerfeld Planck, Lorentz, Curie, Rutherford, Poincare, Einstein

  34. Pauli (1958): Nr 137, Zürich.............

  35. Leon Lederman 137 Eola Road

  36. 137 how little we know Feynman:

  37. QED: Most successful theory in science. Merging of electrodynamics, quantum mechanics and special relativity.Renormalizable theory, tested up to 1:10 000 000(Lamb shift, hyperfine splitting, magnetic moments)

  38. Quantum Field Theory: Finestructure constant becomes function of energy or scale due to quantum fluctuations of electron-positron pairs => partial screening of bare charge of the electron at distances less than the compton wavelength of the electron

  39. partial screening - - - + - - - - - charge gets larger at high energy

  40. ALEPH LEP / LHC L3 Alice CMS SPS ATLAS OPAL DELPHI LHCb LEP: e+e– Kollisionen 1989 – 2000 LHC: p–p Kollisionen ab 2007 Europäisches Zentrum für Teilchenphysik CERN / Genf LEP

  41. LEP: ~ 1/127 agrees with theory

  42. Oklo Phenomen About 1.8 billion years ago, in Gabon, Westafrika. Natural Reactor, which operated about 100 million years. High concentration of uranium 3.7% U 235 at that time (today 0.72 %) Moderator: water from river Oklo

  43. Geological Situation in Gabon leading to natural nuclear fission reactors1. Nuclear reactor zones2. Sandstone3. Uranium ore layer4. Granite

  44. Discovered in the 1970ties by french nuclear physicists It was found: Uranium 235 less that the normal rate Normally: 0.720 % ==further investigation Natural reactor

  45. Shlyakhter, Dyson and Damour (1996) samarium Neutron Capture Sm(149) + n =>Sm(150) + gamma cross section about 57 … 93 kb very large cross section due to nuclear resonance just above threshold: E=0.0973 eV Resonance position cannot have changed much. Change less than 0.1 eV => constraint on elm. interaction: alpha(Oklo)-alpha(now)/alpha <1/10 000 000 Dyson, Damour

  46. -16 Change of alpha per year must be less than per year (if no other parameters change) ==>constraint questionable 10

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