Organic Chemistry

1. Organic Chemistry • The study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties. • The vast majority of organic compounds contain chains or rings of carbon atoms.

7.  Bonds

8. Hydrocarbons • . . . compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen. • Saturated: carbon-carbon bonds are all single - alkanes [CnH2n+2]

9. Hydrocarbons(continued) • Unsaturated: contains carbon-carbon multiple bonds.

10. Types of Hydrocarbons

11. Types of Hydrocarbons

14. Rules for Naming Alkanes • 1. For alkanes beyond butane, add -ane to the Greek root for the number of carbons. • C-C-C-C-C-C = hexane • 2. Alkyl substituents: drop the -ane and add -yl. • -C2H5 is ethyl

15. Rules for Naming Alkanes • 3. Positions of substituent groups are specified by numbering the longest chain sequentially. • C  C-C-C-C-C-C • 3-methylhexane • 4. Location and name are followed by root alkane name. Substituents in alphabetical order and use di-, tri-, etc.

17. Alkanes

18. Hydrocarbons

19. Cyclic Alkanes • Carbon atoms can form rings containing only carbon-carbon single bonds. • C3H6, C4H8, C6H12

21. Alkenes and Alkynes • Alkenes: hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon double bond. [CnH2n] • CC=C propene • Alkynes: hydrocarbons containing a carbon-carbon triple bond. • CCCCC2-pentyne

22. Nomenclature for Alkenes • 1. Root hydrocarbon name ends in -ene • C2H4 is ethene • 2. With more than 3 carbons, double bond is indicated by the lowest numbered carbon atom in the bond. • C=CCC is 1-butene

23. Aromatic Compounds

24. Refinery Processes • Cracking: large molecules broken down to smaller ones by breaking carbon-carbon bonds. • Pyrolysis (thermal cracking): The process that produces cracking at high temperatures. • Catalytic Cracking: Cracking at lower temperatures. • Catalytic reforming: Alkanes and cycloalkanes converted to aromatic compounds.

26. Reactions and Functional Groups • A special class of cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons. + Cl2 + HCl benzene Chlorobenzene

27. The Common Functional Groups • ClassGeneral Formula • Halohydrocarbons RX • Alcohols ROH • Ethers ROR • Aldehydes

28. The Common Functional Groups • ClassGeneral Formula • Ketones • Carboxylic Acids • Esters • Amines RNH2

29. Functional Groups

30. Functional Groups

31. Naming

32. Naming

33. Naming

34. Naming

35. Naming

36. Naming

38. Polymers • . . . are large, usually chainlike molecules that are built from small molecules called monomers. • MonomerPolymer • Ethylene Polyethylene • Vinyl chloride Polyvinyl chloride • Tetrafluoroethylene Teflon

39. Types of Polymerization • Addition Polymerization: monomers “add together” to form the polymer, with no other products. (Teflon) • Condensation Polymerization: A small molecule, such as water, is formed for each extension of the polymer chain. (Nylon)

40. Enantiomers

42. END