Biology Log October 24, 2018

1. Driving Question: Why do populations increase and decrease throughout generations? Biology LogOctober 24, 2018 SOL Question(s) What is the process of understanding science? Scientific Method What is a major tool of Biology? Compound Microscope What do you call an interacting group of organisms in an area? A Population Objective: Introduction to Population Ecology Activity: Notes; Eternal Enemies Video & Q’s Info: Note Packet/SOL Q’s HW: Worksheet and review! Upcoming: Owl/Mice Simulation

2. How do organisms affect another’s survival? CHAPTERS 3: The Biosphere 4: Ecosystems 5: Populations 6: Humans in the Biosphere

3. The Biosphere: Interactions & Interdependence • Ecology: 1866, term coined by Ernst Haeckel; the study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment • Based on the Greek word oikos, meaning house, also the root word economy; Haeckel saw the living world as a household with an economy in which organisms play a role. Abiotic + Biotic Non-living Living • Population: a group of organisms of the same species interacting together in a particular area • Inter: between diff. species • Intra: within a species

4. Biosphere: the combined portions of the planet in which life exists; land, water, atmosphere (air) • interactions within the biosphere produce a web of interdependence between organisms and the environment

6. Interactions within the biosphere produce a web of interdependence between organisms and the environment in which they live. • The interdependence of life on Earth contributes to a dynamic (ever-changing) biosphere.

7. Trophic Web • The autotrophs acquire MORE energy from the sun • The higher on the pyramid, the further from the nutrient rich autotroph • 10% Rule

8. Eternal Enemies Lions and Hyenas https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cl-fPrMK5Dk

10. Tropic Levels of Organization

11. KEEP CURRENT WITH…SCIENCE NEWS WWW.PHSCHOOL.COM

12. Driving Question: Why do populations increase and decrease throughout generations? SOL Question(s) What is an interacting group of various species in a common location? A community Objective: Introduction to Population Ecology Activity: Notes; Eternal Enemies Video & Q’s Info: Note Packet/SOL Q’s HW: Worksheet and review! Upcoming: Owl/Mice Simulation Biology LogOctober 26, 2018

13. Limiting Factors • Environmental conditions that limit the growth, abundance, or distribution of an organism or a population of organisms in an ecosystem • Limiting Factors like the availability of food, water, shelter/ space, competition for resources, predation and disease can change animal and plant populations • Predation: the preying of one animal on others (mouse/owl) • Parasite: an organism that lives ON another organism (dog/flea) • Ceiling: the topmost level • Carrying Capacity: the number of living organisms that an area can support 

14. Driving Question: Why do populations increase and decrease throughout generations? November 9, 2018 • Objective: Introduction to Population Ecology • Activity: Owl/Mice Simulation; Kahoots • Info: Note Packet/SOL Q’s/graphs • HW: Review! • Upcoming: Unit 2 pre-test; Unit 2 test SOL Question(s) Which limiting factors are density-dependent? Competition, predation, parasitism, disease What’s the difference between immigration and emigration? Immigration= moving into an area Emigration = moving out of an area

15. Competition for Space/Shelter Predation Nature’s Population Human influence Water availability Climate/Weather/Natural Disasters Parasitism: parasite/host Disease Density Independent Limiting Factors Dependent Limiting Factors

16. Population Growth Exponential Growth: rate of growth is MANY TIMES greater than previous generations; Birth Rate is much greater than the Death Rate (BR DR) Immigration: movement of organisms INTO an area Emigration: Movement of organisms OUT of an area Density Independent Limiting Factors: factors that affect all populations regardless of density. Ex. Weather, seasonal changes

17. “J” Curve: Human Population 1 “lag” period No Ceiling

18. Symbiotic Relationship Graph

19. Boom – Bust Graph Sudden dramatic increase and a sudden dramatic decrease

20. November 13, 2018 Objective: apply concepts, collect/interpret data related to populations ecology Activity: Discuss pre-test; test; lab Info: pre-test; Owl/Mice Lab HW: n/a Upcoming: Unit 3: Ecosystems Food Webs and Trophic Levels

21. SOLQuestion: #1

22. SOL Question #2

23. WEB or CHAIN? That is the question….. November 16, 2018 Objective: Experience the balance of nature. Collect data, interpret and plot data. Activity: Owl and Mouse Lab Info: Notes Project Rubric Upcoming: Biochemistry Unit: The Chesapeake Bay; Trash to Treasure Project HW: Gather clean trash for project

25. BioChemistry: Chesapeake Bay Watershed Bio Log SOL Q

27. Chesapeake Field Guidehttps://www.chesapeakebay.net/discover/field-guide Trash to Treasure Project

28. 0.1 % Tertiary Consumer Secondary consumer 1 % Primary consumer 10 % Producer 100 % Energy Moves through our environment: 10 % Rule

29. Good morning!November 28, 2018 Bio Log: Driving Question: How does energy move through our environment? Objective: Understand the 10% Rule of Energy Activity: Owl/Mice Simulation graph; Notes; project Info: Note Packet/graphs HW: Review; notes; worksheet; research Upcoming: Unit 2 pre-test; Unit 2 test

30. 10% Rule

31. Number of Individuals in population Generation Number

32. Driving Question:How does energy move through our environment? SOL Q: Seaweeds occupy an important niche in the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem. Which question will best help a student identify the role of seaweeds in this ecosystem? • Which organisms depend on seaweeds as an energy source? • Which seaweed species produces the greatest amount of oxygen? • What is the salinity in areas where seaweed is growing? Objective: Introduction to Population Ecology Activity: Notes; projects Info: Note Packet/SOL Q’s HW: Review! Vocabulary Upcoming: Pre-test and test

33. Autotroph: an organism that is able to create its own food through photosynthesis Heterotroph: an organism that cannot manufacture its own food Herbivore: an animal that feeds on plants or plant products Carnivore: an animal that feeds on flesh (meat) Omnivore: an animal or person that eats food of both plant and animal origin Decomposer: an organism, especially a soil bacterium, fungus, or invertebrate, that eats & helps breakdown tissues of dead or decaying organisms Trophic Level: hierarchical level in an ecosystem Ecosystem:  all living organisms (biotic factors) in an area as well as its physical environment (abiotic factors) functioning together Niche: the role an organism plays in an ecosystem Succession: the process by which the structure of a biological community evolves over time; area returns to its natural state Climax: is a community that achieves stability.

34. Food Chain Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Primary Consumer Producer

35. Products of the environment are: • Biotic - living parts • Ex: plants and animals • Abiotic - non-living parts • Ex: water, soil, sunlight, temperature, pH • Ecosystem - union of organisms and abiotic factors in an area. • Niche - the role an organism plays in an ecosystem (its job). • Succession - the process by which an area returns to its natural state. • Primary - is succession that begins in an area where there is no existing community. • Ex: a new island • Secondary - is succession that occurs where an existing community has been partially destroyed • Ex: after a fire, natural disaster, farming • Climax - is a community that achieves stability.

36. December 12, 2018 Driving Question: How do energy and nutrients move in our environment? Bio Log: Objective: Be able to explain and give examples of how energy moves in our environment Activity: Notes; Review Info: Note Packet/SOL Q’s HW: Review! Vocabulary Upcoming: Test

38. Bare Rocks Lichens Grasses & Perennials Shrubs Mature Forest

39. The process of “returning back” is: • 1. Lichens – mutualistic with fungi or algae • 2. Grasses, flowers • 3. Shrubs, bushes • 4. Trees • Biomes - a major type of ecosystem having its own temperature ranges, rainfall amounts and types of organisms • Aquatic Biomes: • Marine – Salt water – oceans • Fresh water • Moving: rivers, streams, creeks • Standing: ponds, lakes

40. Wetlands - marshes, swamps, bogs, estuary • Ground water • Terrestrial Biomes: • Tropical Rainforest • Savanna • Desert • Temperate Forest (Deciduous) • Tundra • Boreal Forest – Taiga • Chaparral • Artic (polar)

41. The Water Cycle https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-ecology/hs-biogeochemical-cycles/v/the-water-cycle

42. CARBON CYCLE Atmospheric CO2 Burning of fossil fuels combustion feeding Death & decay Fossil fuel formation Formed from long-dead organisms

43. Plants remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through a process called Photosynthesis • Animals return carbon dioxide to the atmosphere through a process called respiration (breathing) • What happens when plants and animals die? Return carbon to the atmosphere or to soil • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HrIr3xDhQ0E • Oceans: Carbon sink: CO2 dissolves into water • The warmer the water the less carbon is held – increases global warming.

44. *78% of air is Nitrogen *Nitrogen CANNOT be used directly by plants or animals 5 Steps of the Nitrogen Cycle 1. Animal consumes plants and proteins (amino acids) 2. Waste & dead animals & plants get broken down by decomposing bacteria 3. Bacteria “fix” nitrogen into a form that plants CAN use (nitrates)

45. 5 Steps of the Nitrogen Cycle 1. Animal consumes plants and proteins (amino acids) 2. Waste & dead animals & plants get broken down by decomposing bacteria 3. Bacteria “fix” nitrogen into a form that plants CAN use (nitrates) Process is called Bacteria Fixation 4. Plants absorb nitrates from soil to build proteins 5. Animals eat plants (or animals that have eaten plants) to gain nitrogen through proteins

46. Nodules on root systems Both benefit – symbiosis - mutualism

47. December 18, 2018 SOL Q: • Objective: How does energy move through our environment? • Activity: Pre-Test; movies • Info: Note Packet/SOL Q’s • HW: REVIEW! • Upcoming: BioChemistry