The Climate System and Global Warming

1. The Climate System and Global Warming

2. Weather and Climate Basics • Weather: Day to day variations in the earth’s atmosphere. • Ex: • Climate: Generalized weather conditions of an area over • a ________________ period of time. • Ex: Yearly Averages: Arizona versus Pa. or • Canada versus Brazil • The engine that drives weather and climate = __________! • Ex: 1000 billion tons of sea water is evaporated at the • equator/day. • Ex: 50,000 Thunderstorms Daily = 1 Billion Tons of TNT!

3. What causes weather? The distribution of ____________ and ______________ around the earth by moving air masses. How is temperature related to air movement? Warmer air _____________. (less ____________) Cooler air ______________. (more ___________) Both of these factors create convection currents. How are temperature and moisture of the air related? Warmer air has more _______________ and can hold more _______________ vapor. Cooler air has less ____________________ and holds less _________________vapor.

4. What conditions on the earth create wind? • Unequal heating of the earth’s surface. A ____________ • equator and ____________ poles creates North/South winds. • 2. Rotation of the earth on its axis. Creates _________ winds. • 3. Unequal distribution of land and water. • Land has a low Specific Heat Value ____________ up and • _____________ down at a __________ pace. • Water has a high Specific Heat Value and _______ up and • ___________ down ________________. • This creates regional wind conditions. • What causesprecipitation? • It is formed when ________, _________ air meets _________, • ___________ air. The warmer air loses _________ energy and • its moisture condenses into precipitation. Problem at the Beach?

6. What causes theseasons? • The tilt of the earth’s axis! • When the Northern Hemisphere is tilted away from the sun: • The N.H. receives ____________ solar radiation. (winter) • When the Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the sun: • The N.H. receives ____________ solar radiation. (summer) • TheGoldilocks Effect. ThePerfect Greenhouse! • 1. Venus: Very thick atmosphere with a high CO2. (over 90%). • Average Temperature: __________0F • 2. Mars: Very thin atmosphere with a very low CO2 content. • Average Temperature: __________0F • 3. Earth: Atmosphere that creates a greenhouse effect that • supports life! CO2 levels = 0.03% • Average Temperature = ______ 0F • 1% CO2 = ?

8. What is abalanced global radiation budget? • The amount of ___________ solar radiation is equal to the • amount of radiation and heat _______ from the atmosphere. Nova: Physics of Greenhouse Effect • Climate Changein the Earth’s Past! • 1. Fossils: Alligators in Greenland, Palm Trees in Chicago. • 2. 180 to 60 million years ago: The Age of Reptiles/Dinosaurs! • Average Temps were ________0 F • 3. The past 1 million years were dominated by Ice Ages! • Average Temps were ______0 F • 4. The Last 10,000 years has been a warm Interglacial Period.

9. Evidence of Climate Change: The Fossil Record. Ex: Sea shells in deserts! Ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica. Ocean floor sediment cores. Coral Reef Growth Records.

13. How have climate changes affected life on earth? • 1. Species either adapt to climate change or go ____________. • 2. According to the fossil record, _______% of all species that • have existed on the earth are now extinct. • 3. If the climate changes __________, living species have more • time to adapt. Ex: 1-20 change over a thousand years. • 4. Ice cores in Greenland suggest that some of the earth’s past • climate changes have occurred violently fast. • Ex: +100F over 50 years or -250F over 100 years!

14. What causes Climate Change? Activity: Mt. Pinatubo • 1. Changes in _________________ Activity. • 2. Periodic _______________ in the Earth’s Orbit or axis tilt. • Milankovich Cycles: 22,000 yrs./42, 000 yrs. And 100,000 • years cycle. (Film: Only One Atmosphere) • 3. Volcanic Activity. • Short Term Effects: Cooler climate. Ex: Mt. Pinatubo, 1991. • Long Term Effects: Warming Effect/Increased CO2. • 4. Changes in atmospheric gas concentration. (Carbon Cycle) • Plant life, the oceans and the world’s CO2 cycle. • 5. Ocean circulation (1000 year cycle) • Ex: The Gulf Stream and Europe • 6. Meteor Impacts

17. How do clouds affect our climate? • 1. Water vapor is the #1 Greenhouse gas. • 2. A warmer climate creates 2 possible future scenarios due • to increased evaporation: • A. More high, thin clouds = • B. More low, thick clouds = • This is a wild card that makes climate predictions • difficult to make!

18. How do the world’s oceans • affect our climate? • The world’s oceans are the earth’s • great temperature stabilizer! They can trap and store an • incredible amount of heat energy. • Ex: The top 3 meters of the ocean can store as much heat as • the entire atmosphere! • 2. Oceans warm up very _________ and could _______ global • warming. • 3. If they do warm up, oceans cool down _________ and could • ___________ global cooling. • 4. We have already passed two major Thresholds: • a) 1976: Increase in Tropical Pacific Waters 66.50F-770F • b) 1998: La Nina/El Nino Shift This is another wild card!

20. How is Human Activity affecting the world’s climate? • 1. Releasing large amounts of _______ into the atmosphere by • burning fossil fuels. (+23 billion tons per year) • CO2 = 85% of Global Warming • Human Produced CO2 lasts 100 years on average! • 2. Releasing other greenhouse gases such as CFCs, • Methane (15% Global Warming) , NOX , etc. • 3. ______________: reducing the size of the world’s great CO2 • consumer.

21. All Fossil Fuels & Energy SectorsContribute CO2 Emissions United States Carbon Dioxide Emissions (By Source & Sector) Transportation 32% Residential 21% Natural Gas 20% Commercial 18% Industry 29% Coal 36% Oil 44% AEO2007

23. Charles Keating Data

24. CO2 Concentrations On The Rise(~280 ppm to 370 ppm over last 100 years) 350 CO2 Concentration (ppmv) 300 CO2 (Vostok) 250 200 2 0 Temperature Change from Present (oC) DTatm (Vostok) -2 -4 200 150 100 50 0 Time Before Present (kyr)

25. Predicting the future: A tough job! • * Scientists at 14 different international climate research • centers are using computer models to try to predict • climate change over the next 100-200 years. • Accurate computer models are beginning to emerge. Opposing Viewpoints: Readings and Interesting Web Sites! Science Export Report: Scientific Controversy on Global Warming

26. Film: Global Warming

27. What are the possible consequences of a warmer climate? 1. Melting glaciers and polar ice caps causing __________sea levels and coastal __________________. Last Ice Age: 300 ft drop in sea levels. Greenland Ice Melt = 23 ft rise Antarctic Ice Melt = 200+ ft rise Release of more Methane? Film: Only One Atmosphere Philly and Sea Level Change?

29. 2. Loss of farmland due to ____________ and __________________. 3. Loss of _________________________ water supplies. 4. An _____________________ in severe weather such as hurricanes. 5. The spread of _______________________ diseases such as malaria. 6. Loss of ______________ and Natural Ecosystems ______________. Ex: Coral Reef Failure by 2030 Vimeo Video: Coral Reefs Ex: Collapse of the Amazon Rain Forest 7. Oceans becoming warmer and more Acidic. 8. Could we actually cause Global Cooling?

30. Could some parts of the world Benefit from global • warming? Canada and Heating Bills, Russia and Farming? • A Look to the Future! • 1. Atmospheric CO2 Concentration Levels: • Ice Age 20,000 Years Ago: 160 ppm • Pre-Industrial 1800: 280 ppm • Today: 380 ppm • Projected 2050: 450 ppm • Projected 2100 600-1000 ppm • 2. The natural forces of nature dominate climate change. • 3. World Scientific Community Consensus: • Human activity is affecting the earth’s climate!

31. 4. We are currently in a warming trend! Evidence? A) 10F increase over the past 100 years. (Europe, US West, Australia, Africa) 1990-2004 contained the 10 warmest years on record. B) An average 8” rise in worldwide sea levels/past 100 years C) Worldwide retreat of sea-ice and glaciers. Arctic Ice Cover: –8% over 30 Years A loss of 380,000 square miles of ice cover. D) The oceans are getting warmer. Arctic and Antarctic are warming at a faster rate. E) Coral Reefs are dying from warmer temperatures. 80% loss in the Caribbean over 30 years 5. The Big Question? How much will the climate change and how fast will it happen? Latest Climate Computer Models suggest + 2.5 - 10.50F /100 yrs. Activity: Carbon Footprint and Global Warming Solutions

33. Science Expert: International Global Warming Treaty

34. What are the prospects for International Cooperation? The 1997 Kyoto World Global Warming Treaty An international agreement for worldwide CO2 emissions cuts. What were the conditions of the treaty? 1. MDC Emissions cuts by 35 countries by the year 2012. Ex: USA 7% below 1990 levels Ex: Europe 8% and Japan 6% below 1990 levels 2. LDC Emissions cuts are strictly voluntary. 3. Emissions Trading: Credits can be bought and sold between countries 4. Possible Rewards for preserving or planting forests and agriculture. 5. Penalties to be decided later.

35. Current Status of the treaty? 1. The former Bush Administration and the U.S. Senate have said no to the treaty. 2. Most of the countries of the world have ratified the treaty and are working to reach the treaties goals. Total # of Countries to ratify the treaty = 160 Nations, including 34 MDC’s. 3. Negotiations have begun to look at CO2 emissions cuts after 2012. Reading:

36. Results of the Copenhagen Climate Negotiations • December 2009 • Reduce global emissions of greenhouse gases to limit global warming to 2 degrees C or 3.6 degrees F above preindustrial levels. • It is a non-binding agreement. MDC’s and LDC’s must list their • individual emissions targets and actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. • Ex: USA 17% cut below 2005 emissions by2020 • China 45% “ “ “ “ “ “ • India 25% “ “ “ “ “ “ • Europe 20% cut below 1990 emissions by 2020 • 3. MDC’s have pledged $$Billions to help LDC’s adjust to climate • Change. • 4. 55 total countries have signed the Copenhagen Accord. • 5. Negotiations will continue in Mexico City in December, 2010.

37. How could U.S. ratification of a Global Warming Treaty affect our lives in the next 5-10 years? Risk/Benefit and Cost/Benefit Analysis 1. Could slow down the economy due to higher energy costs. 2. Could produce unfair economic competition from the LDCs. 3. It will be expensive to switch to cleaner, more energy efficient technologies. Ex: Autos with higher MPG or Building Wind Farms 4. 5.

38. How would U.S. ratification of the treaty affect us in the • Long term (10-50 years)? • A decrease in tropospheric air pollution such as acid rain • and smog. • 2. A reduced potential of global warming. • The use of more sustainable, energy efficient technologies • would save $ and help the economy in the long term. • Ex: U.S. 1978- 1990 Economic expansion with lower per • capita energy consumption • Ex: Britain 14% CO2 cut with 36% economic growth in last • decade. • It could decrease US dependence on foreign oil supplies. • 5.

39. Some Final Notes! 1. World Economic Summit of 1000 CEOs of 1000 of the Worlds largest Corporations. Unanimous decision: Global warming is the #1 threat to the environment and human society. Ex: US Firms already cutting emissions: Texaco, Exxon, GM, Ford, Compaq, Air Products, Dupont, 3M Corp., Xerox, Cinergy, GE, Alcoa, BP Website: US Climate Action Partnership 2. Many U.S. Businesses see Carbon Regulations as a reality. They want the government to provide clear guidelines to help them with future planning. What do U.S. Insurance Companies want? What does Exelon Energy want?

40. 4. The U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate are negotiating a U.S. Climate Bill. 5. California has passed it’s own Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Laws. Nine North Eastern States are planning to do the same. Also, Montgomery County, Pa?? Also, NJ plans to cut 80% by 2050! 6. U.S. Supreme Court Decision supports the U.S. EPA: CO2 can be regulated as an air pollutant!

44. Cost/Benefit Analysis: Steps to Slow Global Warming