The Periodic Table

1. The Periodic Table Families of Elements

2. What we will learn… • The names of five chemical families • Alkali metals • Alkaline earth metals • Transition metals • Halogens • Noble gases

3. What we will learn… • The location of the families on the Periodic Table

4. The Periodic Table

5. What we will learn… • Key chemical and physical properties of the families Cutting Na Mg burning

6. What we will learn… • Definition and Examples of Chemical Properties • valence number • reactivity • with water • with a base • with an acid • behavior in solvents • pH • heat of combustion • flammability • radioactivity Mg burning

7. What we will learn… • Definition and Examples of Physical Properties • state • color • smell • melting point • hardness • malleability • density • opacity • conductivity Cutting Na

8. What we will learn… • Key vocabulary

9. Families • Families (definition): groups of elements that have similar chemical properties.

10. Chemical Properties Chemical property (definition): characteristic shown by a substance when it reacts with another substance during a chemical reaction and changes in composition forming a new product reactant(s) product(s)

11. The Periodic Table

12. Alkali Metals(Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr) • Most reactive family of metals • Group 1: only 1 valence electron • (+1 ion, or cation) • Never found free in nature • Kept in mineral oil or inert gas in lab

13. Alkali Metals(Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr) • Often form ionic compounds with nonmetals • white metallic solids soluble in water

14. Alkali Metals(Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr) • Very reactive with nonmetals, especially Halogens like chlorine • Very reactive with oxygen (form oxides) • Very reactive with water (hydroxides)

15. Alkali Metals(Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr) • Hydroxides and oxides formed react with water to form basic (/alkaline) solutions 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 Mythbusters: Alkaline Metal Explosion

16. Alkali Metals(Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr) • Metals (but not always ‘typical’ metals*) • Good conductors of heat/electricity • Malleable and ductile • Solid at room temperature • M.P. and B. P. lower than most metals* • All soft (can be cut with a knife) and shiny silver and lighter (less dense) than other metals (Li, Na and K float on water)*

17. Alkali Earth Metals(Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra) • 2nd most reactive family of metals • Group 2: only 2 valence electrons • (+2 ion, or cation) • Never found free in nature

18. Alkali Earth Metals(Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra) • Form ionic compounds with nonmetals • especially with Halogens • React with oxygen (basic oxides) • Most react with water (alkaline hydroxides) Calcium + waterCaF2

19. Alkali Earth Metals(Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra) • Metals • Similar properties to alkali metals • Electrical conductors • Malleable and ductile • Shiny Silvery white solids • But harder and more dense with higher M.P. and B.P. than group 1

20. Transition Metals • 21 (Scandium) through 29 (Copper) • 39 (Yttrium) through 47 (Silver) • 57 (Lanthanum) through 79 (Gold) • 89 (Actinium) and all higher numbers

21. Transition Metals • Have special electron rules • Can use two outermost shells to bond with other elements • Can bond with many elements in a variety of shapes • Range of oxidation states • +2 (unless otherwise noted) • Cu +2 • Cu IV +4

22. Transition Metals • Properties vary but most … • have lower reactivity • Don’t react quickly with H2O or O2 • form brightly colored compounds

23. Transition Metals • Properties vary but most are… • Very good conductors of heat/electricity • Malleable and ductile • Hard, tough and strong • Lustrous and shiny • High M.P. • High density

24. The Halogen Family(F, Cl, Br, I, At)

25. The Halogen Family(F, Cl, Br, I, At) • Most reactive family of nonmetals • Group 17: 7 valence electrons • (-1 anion) • Never found free in nature • Form diatomic molecules

26. The Halogen Family(F, Cl, Br, I, At) • Form both ionic and covalent bonds (compounds and molecules) • ionic compounds with metals • “salt formers” • covalent compounds with nonmetals • Very reactive with group 1 and 2 metals • Very reactive with hydrogen

27. The Halogen Family(F, Cl, Br, I, At) • Nonmetals • Poor conductors of heat & electricity • Crumbly and brittle (when solid) • Range of states of matter at RT: • solid (I2) • liquid (Br2) • gas (F2 , Cl2) • M.P. and B. P. are low • Characteristic colors and odors • Toxic or poisonous

28. The Noble Gases(He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn) • Unreactive (stable) family of gases • Group 18: all have full outer shells • 2 valence electrons for Helium • 8 valence electrons for all others • Always found free in nature • Do not form compounds • Some Xe compounds have been formed, but they are not very stable • monatomic

29. The Noble Gases(He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn) • Nonmetals • Colorless, odorless, tasteless gases at R.T. (Earth’s atmosphere) • nonflammable • Very low B.P. and M.P.

30. Hydrogen • Hydrogen • properties of both group 1 and 17 • typically shown listed with group 1 • non-metal • lightest element • Least dense element • diatomic gas (RT) • colorless, odorless, and tasteless • highly flammable

31. Hydrogen “water-former” • Hydrogen • Reacts with elements and other substances (at temperatures > RT) • Can donate (+1 cation), accept (-1 anion), or share its electron