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INSULATING MATERIALS SUBJECT: ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGG. MATERIALS

INSULATING MATERIALS SUBJECT: ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGG. MATERIALS SEMESTER: THIRD Presentation by : Barjinder Singh Lecturer, Electrical Engg.

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INSULATING MATERIALS SUBJECT: ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGG. MATERIALS

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  1. INSULATING MATERIALS SUBJECT: ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGG. MATERIALS SEMESTER: THIRD Presentation by : Barjinder Singh Lecturer, Electrical Engg. Government Polytechnic College G.T.B.GARH DISTT. MOGA

  2. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION INSULATING MATERIALS, GENERAL PROPERTIES PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ELECTRIAL PROPERTIES THERMAL PROPERTIES CHEMICAL PROPERTIES MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

  3. INSULATING MATERIALS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS • PLASTICS • NATURAL INSULATING MATERIALS • GASEOUS MATERIALS

  4. INTRODUCTION The materials which have very high resistivity i.e. offers a very high resistance to the flow of electric current. Insulating materials plays an important part in various electrical and electronic circuits. In domestic wiring insulating material protect us from shock and also prevent leakage current. So insulating material offers a wide range of uses in engineering applications.

  5. FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF AN INSULATING MATERIAL • Operating condition : Before selecting an insulating material for a particular application the selection should be made on the basis of operating temperature, pressure and magnitude of voltage and current. • Easy in shaping : Shape and size is also important affect. • Availability of material : The material is easily available. • Cost : Cost is also a important factor.

  6. CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES Conductors Insulators Semiconductors

  7. CONDUCTORS The substances through which electric current can flow easily are called conductors. e.g. Silver, gold, copper, aluminum etc. Conductors have a large number of free electrons. Generally metals have a large number of free electrons, So all metals are good conductors.

  8. INSULATORS Those substances through which electric current cannot pass easily are called insulators. e.g. Glass, Mica, dry Air, Bakelite etc.

  9. SEMICONDUCTORS The substances whose resistivity lies between the resistivity of conductors and insulators are called semiconductors. e.g. Germanium, Silicon, Carbon etc.

  10. RESISTIVITY Resistivity is the resistance between the two opposite faces of a cube having each side equal to one meter. Resistivity of CONDUCTORS 10-8 to 10-3 ohm-m INSULATORS 1010-20 ohm-m SEMICONDUCTORS 100-0.5 ohm-m

  11. INSULATING MATERIALS ‘GENERAL PROPERTIES’ Knowledge of various type of insulating materials is the most powerful tool in selection of right insulating material for proper use .

  12. The properties can be classified as • Electrical properties. • Thermal properties. • Chemical properties. • Physical/Mechanical properties.

  13. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES INSULATION RESISTANCE OR RESISTIVITY DIELECTRIC STRENGTH (BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE) DIELECTRIC CONSTANT DIELECTRIC LOSS

  14. INSULATION RESISTANCE The resistance offered to the flow of electric current through the material is called insulation resistance

  15. INSULATION RESISTANCE IS OF TWO TYPES • Volume insulation resistance • Surface insulation resistance

  16. VOLUME RESISTANCE & RESISTIVITY The resistance offered to current Iv which flows through the material is called volume insulation resistance. For a cube of unit dimensions this is called volume resistivity. As from A to C

  17. VOLUME RESISTANCE

  18. SURFACE RESISTANCE The resistance offered to current which flows over the surface of the insulating material is called surface insulation resistance. As from A to B and then B to C

  19. SURFACE RESISTANCE

  20. FACTORS AFFECTING INSULATION RESISTANCE Temperature Moisture Applied voltage Ageing

  21. TEMPERATURE As the temperature of the insulating material rises its insulation resistance keeps on falling.

  22. MOISTURE Insulation resistance is reduced if the material absorbs moisture, so insulation material should be non hygroscopic.

  23. APPLIED VOLTAGE Applied voltage also affects insulation resistance.

  24. AGEING Ageing reduces the insulation resistance. As age of insulation material is increased the insulation resistance decreases.

  25. DIELECTRIC STRENGTH Dielectric strength is the minimum voltage which when applied to an insulating material will result in the destruction of its insulating properties. Electrical appliances/apparatus is designed to operate within a defined range of voltage.

  26. If the operating voltage is increased gradually at some value of voltage, the breakdown of the insulating materials will occur. The property which attributes to such type of break down is called the dielectric strength.

  27. e.g. dielectric strength of mica is 80kV/mm. It means if the voltage applied across 1mm thick sheet of mica becomes 80kV mica will lose its insulating properties and current will start passing through mica sheet. In other words dielectric strength of an insulating material is the maximum potential gradient that the material can withstand without rupture

  28. FACTORS AFFECTING BREAKDOEN VOLTAGE Temperature Moisture Thickness of insulator Ageing

  29. TEMPERATURE Dielectric strength is affected by temperature. It reduces as temperature of the insulating material is increased.

  30. MOISTURE Absorption of the moisture by the insulating material reduces the dielectric strength of the insulators.

  31. THICKNESS OF INSULATOR As the thickness is of the insulating material is increased the dielectric strength also increases.

  32. AGEING Ageing reduces the dielectric strength of the insulating material.

  33. SUPPLY FREQUENCY As the frequency of the applied voltage increases the dielectric strength of the insulating material also increases.

  34. DIELECTRIC CONSTANT The ratio of capacity of storing the electric charge by an insulating material to that of air is called dielectric constant of the material.

  35. Every insulating material has the property of storing electric charge ‘Q’ , when a voltage V is applied across it. The charge is proportional to the voltage applied i.e. QV and we get Q=CV Where C is the capacitance of the capacitor which was formed by placing the material between the conductors across which voltage is applied.

  36. The capacitance of the capacitor will change if the air between the plates of a capacitor is replaced by an insulating material acting as a dielectric. The property of insulating materials that causes the difference in the value of capacitance, physical dimensions remaining same, is called the dielectric constant or permittivity

  37. DIELECTRIC LOSS Electrical energy absorbed by the insulating material and dissipated in the form of heat when an alternating voltage is applied across it is called dielectric loss. When a perfect insulation is subjected to alternating voltage it is like applying like alternating voltage to a perfect capacitor. In such a case there is no consumption of power.

  38. Only vacuum and purified gases approach this perfection. In such a case the charging current would lead the applied voltage by 90 degree exactly. This would mean that there is no power loss in the insulation.

  39. In most of the insulating materials, that is not the case. There is a definite amount of dissipation of energy when an insulator is subjected to alternating voltage. This dissipation of energy is called dielectric loss . In practice, the leakage current does not lead applied voltage by exactly 90 degree. The phase angle is always less than 90 degree. The complementary angle =90- is called dielectric loss angle.

  40. I leakage current I leakage current  900  V applied voltage V applied voltage

  41. FACTORS AFFECTING DIELECTRIC LOSS • Temperature. • Moisture. • Voltage applied.

  42. TEMPERATURE With rise in temperature the dielectric loss also increases.

  43. MOISTURE Presence of moisture in the insulator increases the dielectric loss in the insulator.

  44. APPLIED VOLTAGE Dielectric loss rises with rise in the applied voltage. This loss is one factor in limiting the operating voltage of underground cables generally to 100 kV.

  45. THERMAL PROPERTIES • HEAT RESISTANCE • PERMISSIBLE TEMPERATURE RISE • EFFECT OF OVERLOADING ON THE LIFE OF AN ELECTRICAL APPLIANCE • THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

  46. HEAT RESISTANCE This is general property of insulating material to withstand temperature variation within desirable limits, without damaging its other important properties. If an insulator has favorable properties at ambient temperature but, if it is not able to retain these, it is not a good insulator.

  47. The insulator which is capable of withstanding higher temperature without deterioration of its other properties can be used for operation for such higher temperature.

  48. CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF OPERATING TEMPERATURE

  49. CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF OPERATING TEMPERATURE CLASS ‘Y’ INSULATION - 90 ºC CLASS ‘A’ INSULATION - 105 ºC CLASS ‘E’ INSULATION - 120 ºC CLASS ‘B’ INSULATION - 130 ºC CLASS ‘F’ INSULATION - 155 ºC CLASS ‘H’ INSULATION - 180 ºC CLASS ‘C’ INSULATION - >180 ºC

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