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DNA and Protein Synthesis

DNA and Protein Synthesis. Nucleic Acid Review. Name of the molecule identified by the arrow:. Phosphate group Nitrogen base Adenine Sugar. Name given to the circled structure:. Nucleic acid Amino acid Nucleotide Nucleus. The type of reaction responsible for joining molecules A and B.

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DNA and Protein Synthesis

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  1. DNA and Protein Synthesis

  2. Nucleic Acid Review

  3. Name of the molecule identified by the arrow: • Phosphate group • Nitrogen base • Adenine • Sugar

  4. Name given to the circled structure: • Nucleic acid • Amino acid • Nucleotide • Nucleus

  5. The type of reaction responsible for joining molecules A and B • Hydrolysis • Dehydration A B

  6. Let’s assume the following strand of DNA contains the information needed to make a protein. This segment of DNA is known as a____: • Nucleotide • Codon • Translation • Gene • mRNA

  7. Which is single stranded? • DNA • RNA

  8. Which one can exit the nucleus? • DNA • RNA

  9. The two strands of DNA are bonded together in the middle by their… • Sugars • Phosphates • Nitrogen bases

  10. Which one contains nitrogenous bases A, T, G and C? • DNA • RNA

  11. DNA is … • Single stranded • Double stranded • Triple stranded

  12. Every nucleotide is made up of… • Sugar • Phosphate • Nitrogen base • All of the above

  13. Nucleic Acids - Function • Control the processes of heredity by which cells and organisms reproduce proteins.

  14. Nucleic Acids – Types • DNA • Deoxyribonucleic Acid • RNA • Ribonucleic Acid

  15. Do you remember DNA structure? SUGAR Phosphate

  16. Let’s build on that knowledge…

  17. Protein Synthesis • It’s a process • DNA -> RNA -> Amino Acids (Protein)

  18. RNA • Sugar is Ribose NOT what… • Has nitrogen base Uracil instead of Thymine • Also contains the other 3 bases…what are they? • Only single stranded

  19. RNA

  20. Three processes in this unit… • 1. Replication (DNA DNA) • 2. Transcription (DNA mRNA) • 3. Translation (RNA Protein)

  21. A. DNA Replication • Occurs in the nucleus prior to any cell division • Enzyme is used to “unzip” or “unwind” the DNA • Forms a bubble at the origin site

  22. DNA Replication (cont.) • Another enzyme is used to build a complementary strand of DNA from the template piece of original DNA • Nitrogenous bases pair up • A – T • C - G • As a result, you create two identical strands of DNA

  23. Let’s Practice • Replicate the following strand of DNA using the correct nitrogenous bases: ATCGGCTATTAGGCATATCCGACGGTC TAGCCGATAATCCGTATAGGCTGCCAG

  24. Let’s Build A Protein

  25. Transcription • 1.) DNA strand unzips • The bonds between the nitrogen bases are broken • Initiated by RNA polymerase (enzyme) binding to promoter site on DNA • 2.) A single strand of mRNA (messenger RNA) is made • Pair up the bases • A • T • C • G The mRNA then travels from nucleus to cytoplasm

  26. Transcription

  27. Where in the cell does transcription take place? • Cytoplasm • Mitochondria • Nucleus • Golgi Body • Vacuole

  28. Any given segment of DNA has directions that make unique what? • Glucose • Proteins • Lipids • Blood cells

  29. If a DNA strand has the following sequence of base pairs – A C T G G T C C A A , then the mRNA strand would have what sequence? • T G A C C A G G T T • A C T G G T C C A A • T G U C C U G G T T • U G A C C A G G U U

  30. Why is mRNA called messenger RNA? • Because it carries the directions to make a protein to the ribosome like a message

  31. Actually 3 types of RNA • mRNA- messenger • Brings message from nucleus to ribosomes in cytoplasm • rRNA- ribosomal • Make up a ribosome • tRNA- transfer • “transfers” amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome to be added to the chain

  32. The difference between RNA and DNA is what? • The phosphates • The sugars • The nitrogen bases • The way the monomer units bond

  33. mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and travels to the cytoplasm to meet up with which organelle? • Mitochondria • Ribosome • Golgi Body • Lysosome • Nucleus

  34. Translation 1. mRNA meets up with a ribosome…why?? • Ribosomes are the site for protein production 2. tRNAmolecules bring amino acids to ribosomes 3. An mRNA codon will pair with a tRNAanticodon • Codon: 3 Nitrogen base sequence in mRNA that specifies a specific amino acid • Anticodon: 3 Nitrogen base sequence in tRNA

  35. Translation (cont.) • As tRNA’s are added, amino acids are bonded together and will be released as a fully functional protein.

  36. That’s the process, Now how do you know what amino acids make up a particular protein • We use an mRNA codon chart

  37. Where in the cell does transcription, the first part of protein synthesis, take place? • Mitochondria • Nucleus • Ribosomes • Cytoplasm

  38. DNA has the directions to make what? • Glucose • Nucleotides • Proteins • Monosaccharides

  39. After a strand of mRNA is made where does it go? • Ribosome • Mitochondria • Lysosome • Vacuole

  40. Where in the cell does translation, the second part of protein synthesis, take place? • Mitochondria • Nucleus • Golgi body • Cytoplasm

  41. Molecules called tRNA’s are floating around the cytoplasm carrying what? • mRNA’s • Glucose • DNA • Nucleotides • Amino Acids

  42. An mRNA codon is made up of how many nitrogen bases? • 1 • 3 • 6 • 24

  43. Using your mRNA codon chart, what amino acid would a ribosome call for if the codon was A A C ? • Phenylalanine • Glutamine • Asparagine • Lysine • Tyrosine

  44. What protein would be synthesized from the following mRNA strand?A C U U U C G A A U A C • Threonine – phenylalanine – glutamate – tyrosine • Phenylalanine – leucine – methionine – valine • Tyrosine – glutamate – phenylalanine – threonine • Lysine – cysteine – arginine – histidine

  45. What protein would be synthesized from the following DNA segment?T A A G T A C G C T A G • Isoleucine – alanine – histidine – alanine • Isoleucine – histidine – alanine – isoleucine • Phenylalanine – leucine – valine – arginine • Isoleucine – leucine – threonine – lysine

  46. How would you assess your comprehension of DNA and Protein Synthesis? • A • B • C • D

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