Early Native Americans in SC

1. Standard 8-1 NOTESStandard 8-1: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the settlement of South Carolina and the United States by Native American, Europeans, and Africans.

2. Early Native Americans in SC • Native American’s were here 1st! Not Christopher Columbus or the Europeans! • We know a lot about their lives because of the artifacts they left behind. • The group of Native Americans who lived in THIS AREA were called the EASTERN WOODLANDS INDIANS. • Cherokee, Catawba, and the Yemassee are all Eastern Woodlands Indians. • These peeps were NOMADIC. (Wander-ers) • Why do you think they moved around so much?

3. “Stop asking me if we are almost there, we’re Nomads for crying out loud!”

4. They all lived in small settlements and had a democratic style of government • They used water sources (Geographic features) to travel. (followed rivers and streams) • Water sources also served as transportation and food. • Old, hollowed out trees were used as canoes. • They settled in the Eastern Woodlands because the area was rich with stone. • Why do you think stone was such a big deal to them? • Eventually, as more groups developed and population grew, the Native Americans built more permeate settlements by cutting down trees and building dwellings.

5. Agriculture, food, and natural resources • The first Native Americans were HUNTERS and GATHERERS. • The Men hunted food (large game and fish) and the women gathered nuts and berries. • As time passed, they started planting corn (maize), beans, and squash. (AKA- the three sisters) • Eventually tobacco. • Many natural resources were used for survival and shelter. (water, rocks, sticks)

6. Their houses were called “wig-wams” and they were made out of “wattle and daub” (wooden frames covered with reeds, mud, and clay). • What do you think these things could be used for: deerskin turkey feathers tree bark animal hide

7. Alliances and Land Agreements • Forming alliances with the Native’s was very popular. • The Catawba Indians “River People” agreed to help protect the Europeans from other unfriendly tribes. They lived in wig-wams and were great potters. • The Yemassee Indians traded with the Europeans. They came from FL. Lived along the beaches. • The most important relationship to the Europeans was their relationship with the Cherokee Indians, “The Real People”. Largest group. Fished by poising the river. Each village had a holy man or woman. Had a White Leader (in times of peace) and a Red Leader (in times of war).

8. How the Europeans Treated Native Americans • Traded furs, deerskins, iron tools, weapons, guns. • They depended on the Native’s during early settlement • Viewed them as “savages” (Wonder why?) • Started taking over more and more of their territory to build colonies (towns) • Cheated them in trade, forced them off land, enslaved them.

9. Explorers • France –VS- Spain –VS- England. • Competiting for LAND in the NEW WORLD! • The more land a country could “claim” the richer and more popular they were! • A man named Hernando Desoto from SPAIN came to the area of SC and claimed land. He was looking for Gold.

11. EARLY SETTLEMENTS • Another word for “settlement” is “town” or “colony”. • All (3) countries tried several times to built their own settlements in the area of SC. • Some were successful and some were not! • What do you think are some reason for a “successful colony” and an “unsuccessful colony”?

12. SPANISH Explorers and SETTLEMENTS • Also called “conquistadours” • Claimed areas of Central and S. America, Florida and parts of SC. • Originally were looking for Gold • Practiced the Catholic Religion • De Allyonand his men built a settlement called SAN MIGUEL DE GUALDAPE . (along Pee Dee River) • Was the 1st settlement to have African slaves. (100) • The winter was too cold and disease wiped out the settlement. (town or colony) • It FAILED!  • They also tried to build a settlement called San Felipe. • It was attacked by Natives and anyone who survived fled to FL. (St. Augistine)

13. FRENCH EXOLORERS and SETTLEMENTS • Originally looking for The Northwest Passage. • Claimed areas in Canada (Montreal and Quebec) and the area of Louisiana (after King Louie). • Had good relationships with the Natives • Jean Ribaultand his men built a settlement called CHARLESFORT (near Beaufort SC. ) • Named after King Charles. • They also built a famous outpost or fort around the settlement and named it PORT ROYAL. • Settlers eventually abandoned it. Wonder why? • It FAILED 

14. English (British) explorers and settlements • Came looking for gold, to grow tobacco, and for religious freedom. • Claimed areas in N. America • Practiced the Protestant religion • Joseph West and his men built a settlement called CHARLESTOWN (and then eventually CHARLESTON. ) • This colony became very important to the British (made them a lot of money!) • Jamestown, VA was the 1st official permanent settlement. (was successful growing tobacco)

15. Plantation Life and Slavery • Since there were so many people living in SC, it was necessary to create some type of system to giving out land to people. • A group called “The London Company” created the “Headright Method”. This was a method of giving out land. • If you paid your own money to travel to Carolina, then the government gave you free land! • If you were rich, and paid for a lot of people’s travel to Carolina, you got their land too! • The Plantation System developed because of this.

16. Plantations are LARGE farms where “cash crops” were grown. • Slavery was important for the plantation system to work. (there was so much land!) • 2/3 of SC populations was slaves! Slaves were cheap and dependable. • “The House of Burgesses” was created as a form of government.

17. The New England Colonies • Created as a “religious safe haven”. • Pilgrims (Separatists) lived there. • Mayflower Compact was their form of government. They wanted the people who lived there to be in charge. • Massachusetts was successful. (good government set up, lumber, ship building, trade, and schools.)

19. The Middle Colonies • Included a variety of folks. (Dutch, Swedes, Puritans, Quakers) • Pennsylvania was successful. (Created by William Penn) • This area had good harbors, fertile fields, and became known as the “bread basket” of all the English colonies.

21. African Americans in early SC • Spanish explorers were the one’s who first brought African’s to SC . • They brought them from Barbados • Others were brought through the Middle Passage. (west cost of Africa) • They were not “slaves” at first. • The Spanish only started to use them as slaves once the Native Americans started to die from disease. • The 1st Africans were INDENTURED SERVANTS. They were PAID to work and only worked for a few years. • Slavery and the slave trade grew quickly and became very important to the economy of SC.

22. Africans are very important to the development of culture in SC. (a combination of cultures from Africa, Barbados, and Europe) • Gullah is an example of African Culture • It is a specific (secret) language that African’s created. • Listen to Gullah: LISTEN HERE! • Africans also brought other languages, dance, music, woodcarving, medicine, and basket weaving. • Over time, slavery became so important, there were more slaves than colonists in SC. • Why was this a bad thing?

23. Stono Rebellion • Most famous slave rebellion in US History • Rebellion- When slaves go against their master’s. Usually violent. • A small group of slaves broke into a store, stole weapons, and killed the owner! • Happened on a Sunday, while all colonists were at church. • The slaves were wanting to escape to St. Augustine, FL. (this area was owned by the Spanish and they did not have slavery there…)

24. Eventually, the governor of SC found out and called the Militia. (homemade army). • A big fight broke out and many slaves were killed. • It was unsuccessful.  • Result- SLAVE CODES (also called The Negro Act of 1740) • Laws created specifically for slaves. VERY strict! For example, slaves were not allowed to talk to one another, travel without a pass, learn to read, have their own money.

26. Colonial Government in early SC • There were (2) types of government in the English colonies. • 1- ROYAL COLONY- colonies who were under the control of the King of England. Examples of Royal colonies were: GA, NC, SC, NH, CN, NY, VA • 2- PROPRIETARY COLONY- colonies where a group of people or an individual is given permission from the King (a charter) to control the colony. Examples: SC, NC, PN,

27. SC started as a PROPRIETORY COLONY and then switched to a ROYAL COLONY. PROPRIETARY Government in SC • IN 1633, King Charles III gave land to (8) of his friends, and put them in control. (He called them The 8 Lords Proprietors) • These men DID NOT LIVE THERE, but they appointed local governors to rule on their behalf. • People who lived in the Carolina’s had to pay rent to the Lords Proprietors. • The LP’s followed “The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina” (created by John Locke). This included religious freedom and social class systems.

29. The Lords Proprietors ruled the Carolina’s for less than 70 years. • During that time, colonists complained about many things! 1. that the Lords Proprietors lived too far away. 2. didn’t give enough money to them. 3. They didn’t like that they were forced to follow English Laws 4. they didn’t feel protected! (they suffered attacks from the Spanish and Native Americans) • Eventually, these complaints led to SC becoming a ROYAL COLONY.

30. ROYAL Government in SC • The Colonists of SC BEGGED King Charles to take over control! • They will eventually regret this……………. • It took King Charles 10 years to make up his mind! He finally agreed to make SC a ROYAL COLONY.

31. The Regulator Movement • There are (2) sections of SC. The UP COUNTRY and the LOW COUNTRY. • The UP Country is sometimes called THE BACK COUNTRY. (this is the area we live in) • The Low Country is along the coast. (Charleston area) • The development of a ROYAL GOVERNMENT was good for the Low Country but not so good for the Up Country. • Wonder why?

32. The Low Country got A LOT more attention than the Up Country. • The Low Country had more involvement in the government, more people, more money, more things to do, and more law enforcement or court system. • The Up Country didn’t have ANY Law enforcement or court system! Yikes! Imagine that?!?! • What would that be like? • The Up Country became know as an area for “horse thieves and robbers”! • Eventually, the settlers in the Up Country decided to take matters into their own hands…..

33. They called themselves…… THE REGULATORS! • They played “police”. Sometimes they took it a little too far….. (didn’ t give people lawyers or read them their rights, hung people, beat people, ect…) • In 1769, the government of SC passed the CIRCUIT COURT ACT. This set up (7) court districts all over the state! (esp in the back Country!) • Each circuit had a court house, judge, sheriff, and a jail. • People in the Up Country became to feel more important.

35. SC Becomes RICH!! • How? • Deer, fertile land for growing things, good weather for growing things, good location, good trade, selling cattle, good trees for making ships, • SC became producing CASH CROPS! • Cash crops are grown for money purpose only, not for personal use! • 1st cash crop was RICE (“Carolina Gold”). The INDIGO. Then COTTON. • Rice was only grown in the Low Country because in order to grown rice, you need a lot of WATER!

37. A woman named ELIZA LUCAS PICKNEY was an EXPERT on growing indigo! • Indigo is a plant that is grown that produces a blue dye. It is very hard to grow! • Indigo is very popular in the textile (clothing) industry. • Mercantilism was the type of economic system SC had. • Mercantilism is when a country sells more stuff (exports) than they buy (imports). ($$ CHA CHING $$) • Mercantilism worked due to TRIANGULAR TRADE. (trade between the colonies, the British Isles, Africa, and West Indies.) • SC was created to make Europe wealthy!!

39. Slavery also made SC rich! • HOW? • Slaves were sold and considered property. • The demand for slaves grew very quickly, due to the amount of workers needed for plantations, they were cheap, and they were reliable. • The colonists would rather use an African Slave over a Native American slave because the African slave had more knowledge growing rice and could withstand disease and hot weather better.

41. TIME FOR A TEST!!!